Chapter 6: Making Life Work

A person who is running, the release of heat from fire, and light emitted from a lamp are all examples of _____ energy.

kinetic

The C-C covalent bonds in molecules such as carbohydrates and lipids as well as the bonds between the phosphates in a molecule of ATP are both examples of _____ energy.

potential

Phototrophs: Obtain energy from ?

sunlight

Chemotrophs: Obtain energy from ?

chemical compounds

Examples of autotrophs under the phototrophs umbrella

Cyanobacteria and plants

Difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs

Carbon comes from inorganic sources for autotrophs; carbon comes from organic compounds for heterotrophs

Examples of heterotrophs under the phototroph umbrella

Heliobacteria, most green NON-SULFUR bacteria

Examples of autotrophs under the chemotroph umbrella

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, hydrogen bacteria

Examples of heterotrophs under the chemotroph umbrella

Most bacteria, animals

______ is the building and breakdown of carbon sources to harness or release energy.

met

Metabolism builds up and breaks down sources of ______ to harness or release energy.

carbon

______ is the building of molecules form smaller units, requiring an input of energy (ATP).

Anabolism

______ is the breakdown of molecules into smaller units, producing energy (ATP).

Catabolism

Are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids converted to sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides through catabolism or anabolism?

catabolism

Sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides are converted to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleotides via anabolism or catabolism?

Anabolism

Do anabolic pathways consume or release energy to build?

Dehydration or hydrolysis reactions?

Consume energy to build, dehydration reactions

Do catabolic pathways consume or release energy to break down materials ?

Dehydration or hydrolysis reactions?

release energy to break down, hydrolysis reactionsAd

ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

Energy releases by breaking the bonds in ____ helps drive reactions in the cell that fuel cellular metabolism.

ATP

Energy releases by breaking the bonds in ATP helps drive reactions in the cell that fuel cellular ______.

metabolismHigh

In ATP, do the bonds linking the phosphate groups have a high or low potentil energy?

High

Potential energy is the energy thats ?

stored

Kinetic energy is the energy of ?

motion

First law of thermodynamics states that?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transformed

The total amount of energy does not change

When energy is transformed, does the energy available to do work in the cell increase or decrease? Does the amount of disorder in the system increase or decrease? What is the amount of disorder in a system called?

decrease, increase, entropy

Endergonic reactions ____ energy but exergonic reactions ___ energy.

require, release

Is this an endergonic or exergonic reaction? is it spontaneous or nonspontaneous?

Endergonic, nonspontaneous

Is this an endergonic or exergonic reaction? is it spontaneous or nonspontaneous?

exergonic, spontaneous

is gravitational motion, diffusion, and chemical reactions are examples of spontaneous or nonspontaneous changes.

spontaneous

ΔG = ?

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

Do catabolic reactions have a positive or negative ΔG?

negative

Do anabolic reactions have a positive or negative ΔG?

positive

ATP hydrolysis rxn

ATP + H₂O —> ADP_{(adenosine diphosphate)} + P_{i (inorganic phosphate)}

The higher the E_A, the ____ the rate of the rxn.

higher

An enzyme accelerates reactions by reducting the?

E_{A (activation energy)}

The ΔG of a rxn is the same with and without an ____?

enzyme

Lowering E_A ____ the rate of the reaction but does not change the free enrgy (delta G) of the reaction.

increases

Enzyme shape:

The ____ is formed within the functional protein.

an enzyme ____ the substrates.

An enzyme ____ the E_A

An enzyme ____ the transition state

active site, binds, lowers, stabilizes

The amino acids that form the active site are often ______ in the linear sequence of the unfolded enzyme.

far apart

Protein folding brings specific _____ close to each other to form the active site.

Amino acids

ATP cycle

A competitive _____ binds to the active site, competing with the substrate and reducing the rate of the reaction.

Competitive inhibitor

A competitive inhibitor binds to the active site, competing with the ____ and reducing the _____.

active site, rate of the reaction

A _____ inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site, changing the shape of the enzyme and reducing the rate of the reaction.

noncompetitive

A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to a site other than the _____, changing the ___ of the enzyme and reducing the rate of the rxn.

active site, shape

A ____ pathway begins with a specific starting molecule and ends with a product. Each step is catalyzed by a specific?

metabolic, enzyme

What is catalysis?

the increase in the rate of a rxn due to the addition of a substance called a catalyst

_____ is characterized by a product inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzed an earlier reaction. Important in helping the cell to conserve energy.

Negative feedback

what are 3 ways to regulate chemical rxns?

Concentration of enzyme and substrate, temperature, pH