VPMM Combined

pharmacology

study of effect of drugs on the structure and its metabolism in tissue.

Pharmacokinetics

Movement of drugs through the body: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

toxicology

Study of adverse effects of chemicals

pharmacodynamics

Study of biochemical, physiological, and molecular effects of a drug on the body

what are the 2 types of vaccines

1. monovalent

2. polyvalent

define monovalent vaccines

vaccinates for one disease

define polyvalent vaccines

vaccinates multiple diseases

define monoclonal (4)

1. lab made ab

2. target certain processes

3. arthritis

4. skin allergies

T-cells are cells with — —

mediated immunity

what are the 4 t-cell types

1. helper t-cells

2. killer t-cells

3. suppressor t-cells

4. memory t-cells

3 traits of B-cells

1. antibody forming

2. ab forming cells

3. memory cells

what are the 2 types of immunity

1. active immunity

2. passive immunity

define active immunity (3)

1. body created its own antibodies

2. creates own antibodies

3. disease or vaccine

define passive immunity

receive antibodies from another source

what is an example of a passive immunity

colostrum

2 traits of killed vaccines

1. very safe

2. stable in storage

adjuvant is added to — — —

increase immune response

what is an example of a killed vaccine

rabies

3 traits of modified live vaccines

1. not stable in storage

2. stronger immune response

3. faster immune response

A patient’s response is determined by (6)

1. health and age

2. the type of vaccine given

3. the route of administration

4. concurrent incubation of infectious disease

5. exposure to an infectious disease before complete immunity is reached

6. drug therapy.

why is important not to vaccinate very young animals when maternal antibodies are still present

The neonate’s immune system is not capable of producing an active immune response when maternal antibodies are blocking this mechanism

when do Maternal antibodies will start to wane around

8 weeks

where should rabies be administered

distal right near leg

where should FeLV be administered

distal left rear leg

where should most vaccines be administered

right shoulder area

define killed vaccine

A noninfectious vaccine contains a whole organism that is killed and not capable of replicating within the host, therefore cannot produce an adequate immune response

advantages of killed vaccine (4)

1. Inactivated vaccines are considered very safe.

2. They are stable in storage.

3. There is no chance of reversion to virulence.

4. Can be used in pregnant or debilitated animals with minimal risk.

disadvantages of killed vaccine (3)

1. Inactivated vaccines require repeated doses to achieve adequate protection (shorter duration of immunity).

2. Adjuvants may cause adverse reactions.

3. If repeated doses are required, costs may be higher for the client.

define modified live vaccine

An infectious vaccine contains a live, but attenuated, organism that is capable of replicating within the host to stimulate immunity.

advantages of MLV (5)

1. Live vaccines necessitate fewer doses to achieve an immune response.

2. Provide longer immunity.

3. Adjuvants are unnecessary, but the vaccine may contain preservatives.

4. Live vaccines pose less risk of allergic response.

5. They are inexpensive.

disadvanteges of MLV (4)

1. Live vaccines may be contaminated with unwanted organisms.

2. They require careful handling. For example, accidental injection, ingestion, or exposure through a cut or the mucous membranes of brucellosis vaccine can cause undulant fever in humans.

3. They do not store as well as inactivated vaccines.

4. They may possess residual virulence.

what are the 3 recombinant vaccines

1. Type I recombinant (subunit) vaccines

2. Type II recombinant (gene-deleted) vaccines

3. Type III recombinant (virus-vectored) vaccines

advantages of recombinant vaccines (4)

1. These vaccines produce fewer adverse effects.

2. They provide effective immunity.

3. Type I and type III vaccines cannot revert to virulence because of the way they are manufactured.

4. Some of these vaccines can also be administered orally.

disadvantage of recombinant vaccines

increased cost

vaccines should never be stored in the

freezer

vaccines should immeaditly be stored in the

fridge

when using a vaccine as an aerosole or mixing with feed and water the margin for incomplete vaccination is —

greater

what does DAPPv + Cv stand for (5)

1. Distemper

2. alenovirus

3. parainfluenza

4. parovirus

5. coronovirus

6 Risk Factors for Disease

1. Age

2. Contact with other dogs

3. Regional variations

4. Breed

5. Environmental factors

6. Immunosuppression

what are Common Infectious Diseases (8)

1. Canine Distemper

2. Canine Parvovirus

3. Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

4. Canine Infectious Hepatitis

5. Canine Coronavirus

6. Leptospirosis

7. Lyme Disease

8. Rabies

Canine Distemper is related to

human measles virus

how is Canine Distemper spread (2)

by aerosols and through placenta

what species can Canine Distemper infect (6)

1. foxes

2. coyotes

3. wolves

4. ferrets

5. raccoons

6. badgers

define Systemic infection

affects all body systems

symptoms of Systemic infection (6)

1. Fever

2. vomiting diarrhea

3. seizures

4. Hard pad disease

5. Ocular discharge

6. nasal discharge

Canine Distemper can be cured with what

nothing

in Canine Distemper you may only provide — treatment

Supportive

what 2 conditions do animals have that survive canine distemper

1. severe neurological problems (seizures)

2. permanently damage tooth enamel

Canine Distemper has a — morbidity and mortality rate

high

define morbidity rate

unvaccinated animals very likely to get sick

define mortality rate

Infected animals very likely to die (or be euthanized)

Canine Parvovirus has a High rate of incidence in (2)

urban and suburban settings.

how is canine parvovirus spread

fecal oral transmission

what color is more susceptible to canine parvovirus (2)

black and brown

canine parvovirus can survive up to

5 months

canine parvovirus how to disinfect

bleach

most cases of canine parvovirus start with

1. depression

2. fever

3. anorexia

canine parvovirus progesses to

1. vomiting

2. profuse diarrhea (often bloody)

3. severe dehydration

untreated dogs of parvovirus will die of

dehydration

Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis is aka

kennel cough

what causes kennel cough (2)

1. Canine Parainfluenza

2. Bordetella

how is kennel cough spread

aerosol exposure

where is kennel cough usually (4)

1. Boarding kennels

2. sniffing through fences

3. groomers

4. doggy daycare.

what vaccine administration is most effective for kennel cough

Intranasal (IN) and Oral

what are the symptoms of mild form kennel cough (3)

1. Dry, hacking cough followed by retching.

2. Nasal/ocular discharge

3. mild fever.

how long does it take for kennel cough resolve for mild form

10 - 14 days

the complicated form of kennel cough is seen in (3)

1. young puppies

2. geriatric dogs

3. pneumonia

Canine Infectious Hepatitisis caused by

adenovirus

Canine Infectious Hepatitis affects — and —

dogs and bears

Canine Infectious Hepatitis is — contagious

highly

how is Canine Infectious Hepatitis transmission (2)

1. Direct contact

2. fomites (hands, food bowls, bedding)

how long does it take to shed Canine Infectious Hepatitis

6 - 9 months

clinical signs of Canine Infectious Hepatitis (7)

1. Fever

2. Depression

3. Vomiting

4. Anorexia

5. Abdominal pain & distention

6. Icterus

7. Ocular signs

how is canine coronavirus

fecal to oral

canine coronavirus spread in — environments

high density

what animal is most susceptible to canine coronavirus

puppies

clinical signs of canine coronacirus

1. Anorexia

2. vomiting

3. diarrhea

4. dehydration.

leptosipirosis is only needed if

travelling

leptospirosis affects

everyone, zoonotic

leptospirosis is a — disease

bacterial

leptospirosis occurs in what climates

warm, humid

infection of leptospirosis occurs (5)

1. aerosolized urine

2. ingestion

3. contact with wounds

4. mucous membranes

5. direct contact

how long does it take to shed leptospirosis

6 months

leptospirosis primarily attacks

1. liver

2. kidneys

clinical signs of leptospirosis (5)

1. Fever

2. dehydration

3. depression

4. icterus

5. blood in urine.

how can leptospirosis infect humas (3)

through contact with animal urine, wounds and blood.

— dogs have high mortality

unvaccinated

lyme disease affects

everyone, zoonotic

lyme disease comes frojm what bug

tick

what is most susceptable to lyme disease

young dogs

common clinical signs of lyme disease (2)

1. Fever

2. Joint pain/stiffness

is there a vaccine for lyme disease

yes but effectiveness is vairable

what are the best edministrations for lyme disease prevention

topical and oral medications

rabies effcts

everyone zoonotic

how is rabies spread (2)

direct contact with saliva or wounds

rabies are not in what countries (7)

1. new zealand

2. australia

3. japan

4. iceland

5. sweden

6. uk

7. ireland

animals are usually infected from what wildlife (4)

1. bats

2. skunks

3. racoons

4. fox

rabies affects what in the body

nervous system and salivary glands

signs of rabies (5)

1. Inability to swallow (‘drooling’) .

2. wild animals acting tame

3. nocturnal animals out in daytime

4. extreme depression.

5. Classic ‘rage’ syndrome not commonly observed

how can rabies be diagnosed

brain tissue