AP HuG Unit 4

both 4A and 4B study guides are covered here.

State

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

Microstate

States with very small land areas

Sovereignty

A state has sovereignty, which means independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Nation-state

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

(a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity)

(a country whose political boundaries correspond with its cultural boundaries)

City-state

a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside.

Self-determination

the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Multiethnic state

a state that contains more than one ethnicity

Multinational state

a state that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination and self-government

Nation

a group of people with common cultural characteristics

Stateless nation

a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory that does not operate as an independent political unit with a defined, permanently populated territory and has no sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs.

a special case of national political systems, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political geography

Autonomous Region

areas within a country that have a degree of self-governance and independence, allowing them to manage their own affairs while still being part of a larger state.

Semi-autonomous region

a geographical area within a larger political entity that possesses a degree of self-governance and limited autonomy

centripetal forces

UNIFIES a country

• national identity

  • flags

  • national anthems

  • sports teams

centrifugal forces

DIVIDES a country

• physical features

• religious beliefs

• culture

• economic activity

colony

a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent

Colonialism

an effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory

imperialism

the practice of a nation forcefully imposing its rule or authority over other nations.

neocolonialism

the continuation of the economic model of colonialism after a colonized territory has achieved formal political independence

boundary

An invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory

frontier

a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control

shatterbelt

chokepoint

antecedent boundary

geometric boundary

superimposed boundary

subsequent boundary

relict boundary

defined boundary

delimited boundary

demarcated boundary

demilitarized zone

irridentism

UNCLOS

democracy

autocracy

unitary state

federal state

gerrymandering

United Nations

Cold War

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Warsaw Pact

European Union (EU)

terrorism

Sept 11 attacks - 9/11

Al-Qaeda

Islamic State

Boko Haram