Kines 370- Exam 2 Study Guide

Focuses on the interaction between people and their physical and sociocultural environments

socioecological model

5 levels of the socioecological model

1. intrapersonal/individual

2. interpersonal

3. organizational

4. community

5. policy

intrapersonal/individual level

knowledge, attitudes, beliefs

interpersonal level

family, friends, social networks

organizational level

businesses, schools, workplaces

community level

norms, cultures, availability of resources/opportunities

policy level

state, and national laws and policies

ecological perspective

health equity

Everyone has a fair and just opportunity to be as healthy as possible

health disparities

Population or group level differences in health

What are the root causes of health disparities?

Result of historic and ongoing interplay of inequity structures, policies, and norms that shape lives

Social determinants of health

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age

5 SDOH

1. Economic stability

2. Education access and quality

3. Healthcare access and quality

4. Neighborhood and built environment

5. Social and community context

Needs assessment

-a way to understand the needs and strengths of a population

-shows the gap between current conditions and where we want to be

Assets assessment

identifies stregnths/resources/supports that are already in place, highlights stregnths (eg. mapping existing parks and recreation facilities)

Generalizability

How well does the study sample represent the selected population?

Primary data

Information that stems from its original source, such as a first-hand account

Examples of primary data

letters, autobiographies, focus groups, blogs, speeches, stories, photographs

Secondary data

Information that is not first-hand; it is information that is drawn from an unoriginal source

Examples of secondary data

county health reports, hospital discharge data, national databases

Intangible concepts

non-physical qualities or ideas that you can't physically hold but still have value

Tangible concepts

physical things you can touch and see

Objective needs

needs are based on evidence of incidence and prevalence data

Subjective needs

what individuals report based on their personal experience and views

Ex. a neighborhood walkability score is constructed using traffic patterns, crime stats, and mapping data

objective needs

Ex. residents are asked, "how walkable is your neighborhood?"

subjective needs

Variable

single measure that can take on more than 1 value

4 types of variables

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

variables can be placed in a category or not; variables are sorted into categories

nominal

the variables are ranked along a continuum, but the distance between the ranks are not necessarily equal

ordinal

variables are continuous and not based on categories. Distance (intervals) between the variables are equal

interval

measurements with a true zero point

ratio

Ex. eye color, marital status, type of animal

nominal

Ex. health status- excellent, very good, good, fair, poor

ordinal

Ex. SAT scores, dates, IQ scores

interval

Ex. height, weight, age

ratio

Reliability

measure consistently provides virtually the same answer every time it’s used

How to determine reliability?

-test-retest reliability

-internal reliability

-split-half

scores on a measure are consistent over at least 2 distinct points in time

test-retest reliability

computing the inter-item correlation between all items constituting the scale

internal reliability (consistency)

items from the scale are randomly "split" into sets and then scores from one set are correlated with scores from the other set

split-half method

Validity

extent to which the measure actually captures the intended construct (accuracy)

Ex. The dog weighs 24 pounds

1. The scale reads- 17, 18, 17

reliable, not valid

Ex. The dog weighs 24 pounds

2. The scale reads- 23, 24, 24

reliable, valid

How to determine validity

-face validity

-content validity

-construct validity

-criterion validity

Measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test.

face validity

Does it fully measure the construct, how much does it measure

content validity

Ability of a measure to provide actual findings that are consistent with underlying theory

construct validity

Compare assessed construct to an actual behavior outcome, most demanding of the four methods

criterion validity

first step to measurement=

define what is being studied (concept)

generalized properties or characteristics associated with objects, events, people

concept

Example of a concept

characteristics of a person

measure someone's weight, height, physical activity levels, record the color of eyes or hair color; Likely to yield better precision

direct observations

use a questionnaire with questions about weight, height, etc.

indirect observations

variables are assessed through official records

records review

variables measured by means of biological methods or "biomarkers"

biologically assessed variables

a person's own accounting of their beliefs

self report

collects real-time data from individuals in their natural environment, which provides a more accurate reflection of their behavior and experiences

ecological momentary assessment

assessments designed to capture stressors, smoking behavior, withdrawal, and craving scores

daily electronic diary methods

a rich and complex understanding of a topic from the perspectives of the people experiencing the issue

qualitative research

What is the purpose of qualitative research?

to understand the participant's perspective

Qualitative data collection methods-

observations, interviews, focus groups

Areas to include in a budget:

-personnel

-materials

-incentives

-equipment

-travel or space rental

portion of the cost that is directly expended in providing a product or service; expressed as the actual # of dollars expected to be spent

direct cost

portion of cost that is indirectly expended in providing a product or service.

indirect cost

Ex. wages, salaries, supplies

direct cost

Ex. cost of telephones, utilities, insurance, space, equipment maintenance

indirect cost

the systematic process of assessing the quality, coherence, and usefulness of your needs-assessment design and outcomes

evaluation

Purpose of an evaluation in a needs assessment

to ensure your assessment produces reliable, valid, and actionable data that accurately reflect community needs

5 lens of evaluation

1. alignment

2. feasibility

3. data quality

4. representation

5. utility

Alignment

do goals, objectives, and tools match?

Feasibility

is the plan realistic?

Data quality

are the responses trustworthy and complete?

Representation

did you reach the people you needed?

Utility

will results be useful to others?

Illustrate the connection between your group's resources, planned intervention, and expected outcomes

logic models

resources, funding, staff, facilities, volunteers

inputs

community engagement activities, recruitment, data collection

activities

direct results of activities, measurable and tangible

outputs

short term, intermediate, long term

outcomes

long term changes

impact

2 psychometric properties

reliability and validity

a decision-making method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group

nominal group technique

May not remember the frequency of these behaviors or even if they have engaged in the behavior at all

inaccurate recall bias

Recalling how often behaviors occurred based on a personally created reality

selective recall bias

Qualitative data results are used to:

-Formulate research questions

-Build knowledge

-Design policies

-Generate hypotheses

-Lay the foundation for further research

Concerned with discovering facts, assumes fixed measurable reality, collected through measurements

quantitative research

Quantitative data will help us answer:

-Descriptive questions

-Relationship questions

-Comparison questions

-Evaluative questions

Qualitative data will help us answer:

-Experiences and perspectives

-Motivations and reasonings

-Processes and social interactions and relationships

-Context and social factors

Characteristics of qualitative research:

-naturalistic

-descriptive data

process focused

-inductive approach (patterns)

-finding meaning is the goal

Why qualitative research?

-Exploratory

-Formative (understand target population, guide interventions)

-Supplement or interpret data

a structured technique used to generate creative and innovative alternatives or ideas. generate ideas

nominal group

A small group of individuals who are led in discussion by a professional consultant in order to gather opinions on and responses to candidates and issues. attitudes and beliefs

focus group

descriptive word or short phrase used as a label and attached to units of data

code

an idea or notion that is suggestive of the data

concept (codebook)

codebook built from ground up, grounded theory

inductive coding scheme

codebook built from a priority category, theory driven

deductive coding scheme

Parts of a data collection plan

what, how, who, when, where, quality and ethics