208B chelonians

____ are the most labor intensive reptile to maintain

aquatic turtles

The combined surface of a turtle’s or tortoise’s carapace should not exceed ____ of the habit’s floor space

25%

The water within a turtle’s habitat should be as deep as the width of the ____ so it can flip

shell

maintaining clean water is difficult due to feeding to ____ and ____

feeding, defecating

Is filtration is able to maintain te clean water for turtles?

no

turtles require ____ water changes

many

When performing water changes avoid drastically changing the ____

temperature

ectotherms are animals that regulate their body temperatures via ____

basking

POTZ

preferred optimal temperature zone

The ideal POTZ for aquatic turtles for the water and environment is ____

75-85F

Cool water temps are called ____

death zones

____ is an area where an animals habitat is on the hotter side

basking spot

____ is an area where an animal can rest on land

haul out area

A hot spot can be created with a ____ and is should be in the ____ F

bulb, 90s

The light for a basking area should be places about ____ above

12-18 inches

Compared to adult aquatic turtles juveniles eat a higher ____ content

meat

aquatic turtles are mostly ____

omnivores

aquatic turtles diet consists of ____,____,____,____,____

fish, earthworm, chopped skinned mice, dark green leafy vegetables, comercial diets

for terrestrial tortoises it is optimal to keep them ____

outside

the POTZ for tortoises is ____

65-75F

tortoises should have a ____,____, and ____ in their habitat

hiding place, shaded area, visual barrier

If given the chance tortoises will ____ and a ____ should be placed under its enclosure about 12 inches

dig, mesh

The POTZ for tortoises is ____

75-90F

A thermal gradient should be acheieved for tortoises via ____ or

basking light, ceramic heaters

some acceptable substrates are ____, ____, ____, ____, ____ for tortoises

cypress mulch, large connifer back nuggets, alfalfa pellets, newspaper, carpet

Unacceptable substrates for tortoises: ____,____,____,____,____,____

sand, fine gravel, cat litter, crushed corn cob, walnut shells, pine shavings, cedar shavings

tortoises require ____ lights

UV

____light is advised for tortoises for UV light, but caution should be taken to prevent ____

sun, overheating

Metabolic bone disease also called ____

nutritional secondary hyper parathyroidism

metabolic bone disease is an abnormality in ____ metabolism

calcium

metabolic bone disease in tortoises will present in ____ and ____

deformed shells, abnormal scute growth

UVB is required to covernt vitamin ____ into vitamin ____

d2, d3

if chelonians do not receive enough UVB they can’t convert vitamin D2 and therefore can’t absorb ___ causing metabolic bone disease

calcium

Symptoms of a vitamin A deficiency in a tortoise ___,___,___,___,___,___

conjunctivitis, blepharitis, swollen eyelids, nasal discharge, dyspnea, ear abscesses

Treatments for a vitamin A deficiency ___,___

correct diet, vitamin A injections

Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity in tortoises ___,___,___

dry flakey skin, sloughing of the skin, secondary bacterial infection

treatments for vitamin A deficiency for tortoises ___,___

antibiotics for secondary infections, correct amount of supplements

What are the two types of shell rot?

wet, dry

severe shell rot also known as SCUD stands for ___

septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease

Wet and dry forms of shell rot are usually treated ___

topically

SCUD requires ___ for treatment

antibiotics

treatment for tortoise shell rot or SCUD is to resolve ___and ___

husbandry, sanitation

When dealing with traumatic injuries in tortoises before repairing the wound should be ___ and ___

cleaned, debrided

treatment for traumatic injuries for tortoises ___,___

antibiotics, would care

overgrown beaks are typical in ___

terrapins

overgrown beaks are usually due to ___ and may or may not require ___

nutrition, anesthesia

Tortoises are unable to clear discharge via coughing because they lack a ___

diaphragm

reasons for respiratory diseases in tortoises ___,___,___,___,___

improper diet, inadequate temperature, inadequate humidity, unhygenic conditions, inappropriate substrates

signs of tortoise respiratory disease ___,___,___,___,___,___

mucopurulent nasal discharge, occular discharge, dyspnea, open mouth breathing, anorexia, wight loss, lethargy

Respiratory diseases can be tested with ___ and diagnosed with ___

buoyancy test, radiographs

Gout is the deposit of ___ in the visceral organs or joints

uric acid crystals

reasons and causes that causes gout in tortoises ___,___,___

kidney disesase, dehydration, high protein diets

Gout is diagnosed in tortoises via primarily ___,___

radiographs, cytology

signs of dystocia in tortoises ___,___,___,___

anorexia, lethargym, straining, sometimes bloody discharge from the cloaca

dystocia in tortoises are diagnosed via ___

radiographs

reasons for dystocia ___,___,___

poor environment, metabolic disease, improper husbandry

reasons for penile and cloacal prolapse in tortoises ___,___,___,___

trauma, infection, cloacal impaction, post breeding

In the case a male has a necrotic penile prolapse it can instead be ___

amputated

For females if the cloca isn’t necrotic a ___ solution can be used to ___ then replace

hypertonic sugar, decrease swelling

Zoonoses is typically associated with inadequate ____

hygiene

Salmonella tends to impact ____,____,____

children, immunosuppressed, elderly

in ____ a ban on selling baby turtles whose carapaces were ____ or less

1975, 4 inches

signs of salmonella in humans ____,____,____,____,____

abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, nausea, vomitting

To restrain turtles it is said that you can extend the head via applying pressure on behind the ____

mandibles

Refrain from applying pressure to a turtles head dorsoventrally as it can damage the ____ and ____

neck, trachea

In some cases, placing the turtle in water will cause them to ____

extend their neck

During anesthesia a chelonian should be ____, and kept at least ____

well hydrated, POTZ

Chelonians can hold their breath for long periods so it is advisible to not induct via ____

inhalent

____ is used to induction and ____ is used for sustained used

injectable, intubation

Use a cotton tip applicator to move the chelonians ____

tongue

A ____ prevents biting during anesthesia

speculum

manipulating the ____ can aid in increasing ____

extremities

Anesthesia can be monitored via ____,____,____,____

ECG, Doppler, withdrawal reflex, pulse ox

Parasites in chelonians can be diagnosed via ____,____,____

direct fecal exam, flotations, cloacal wash

When doing a fecal it is important to test feces not ____

urates

entamoeba invadens are parasites that have a low morbidity with ____ but causes severe illness in ____ and ____

turtles, snakes, lizard

Emergencies tend be caused by ____, and fluids are commonly given via ____ or ____, and during emergencies they should be kept at ____ with ____ support to continue healing

trauma, SQ, intracoelomic, POTZ, nutrional

Locations where blood can be drawn ____,____,____,____,____,____,____,____

jugular, brachial, subcarapacial, ventral tail, dorsal tail, femoral, occipital venous sinus, heart

medication can be administered via ____,____,____,____,____,____,____

IM,SQ,IV,Intracoelomic,Oral,IO,Cloacal

IM medication is usually adminitered in the ____

pectoral muscles

Subcutaneous medication is applied in the ____ or ____

inguinal, ventral neck skin fold

The intracoelomic route is accessed via ____, often done in ____ recumbency.

prefememoral fossa, lateral

Oral medicine is not commonly used but works well if the patient eats it ____

voluntarily

esophagostomy tubes can be used for long term ____ or ____

administration, nutrition

IO is often done in the ________

tibia and plastron-carapace bridge

Bladder stones are common in ____. They are concretions of ____, and have to be removed surgically via ____ or ____

desert tortoises, uric acid, plastronotomy, through prefemoral fossa

Is freezing your turtle considered a humane method of euthanasia currently?

no

Chelonians should have ____,____,____ when euthanized and it may be hard to estimate

rigor, cyanotic, sunken eyes

Chelonian’s heart can beat ____ after they die

hours