African and South Asian theorists

Which scholars argued that the colonial state created a competition between accumulation and control, such as blocking settler attempts to ban African coffee growing?

Lonsdale & Berman (1979)

How much did it cost to suppress the Mau Mau rebellion?

£55m (Gerlach, 2010)

According to Dependency Theory (1972), how did colonisers create economic dependency?

By developing their own companies and trade networks independent of local middlemen, sidelining trans-Saharan traders and reducing their ability to mobilise economic capital.

Who proposed the Dependency Theory in 1972 regarding the sidelining of local traders?

Amin (1972)

Resistance breaks the ideological dominance of the colonial state.

What did Fanon mean by the statement: 'The thing which has been colonized becomes man during the same process by which it frees itself'?

What is the concept of 'inner-Swaraj' associated with?

Gandhi (1909)

What did ______ argue regarding ideological breaks in the colonial period?

Hopkins (1973): They were temporary and not radical, noting there were no major calls for independence in the Gold Coast until Nkrumah in 1949.

How many troops did Hyder Ali field in the second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)?

80,000 (Barua, 2009)

How did South African mining revenue change between the 1860s and 1906?

It increased from £2.5m to £27m following the introduction of deep-caste mining methods (Austin, 2025).

What did _______ call the mining and smelting plants of the Zambia copper belt?

Isaacman (1972): Schools of resistance

What did the revolt in the Zambezi valley represent according to Isaacman (1972)?

A new level of political consciousness where the Portuguese were perceived as the common oppressor.

Why did ______ argue that colonial states struggled to govern directly inland?

Herbst (2000): It was prohibitively expensive to control territory far from the coast, and they lacked the 'broadcast power' to move troops or tax collectors quickly via rivers.

How did the British project power into the interior before railways were built?

By using iron steamboats for rapid movement of heavy artillery and 'broadcasting power' (Headrick, 1981).

Why were decentralised, stateless groups like the Khoisan harder for colonial powers to subdue?

They had no central authority or city to capture (hydra effect) and used guerrilla tactics like attacking supply lines (Marks, 1972).

What was a 'fiscal-military state' in the context of Mysore?

A state with a system of direct tax collection that did not rely on subsidiary middlemen, allowing for more revenue extraction to fund resistance (Bayly, 1988).

What was the purpose of the Hut Tax Regulations (1901)?

To force a move to wage labour to pay the taxes (Chambliss, 1993).

What was the impact of the South Africa Natives Land Act 1913?

It restricted African land ownership to 7% of the country, displacing people from subsistence livelihoods and forcing them into wage labour (Austin, 2015).

How did colonial borders facilitate the movement of wage labour?

By creating open borders that allowed migration from underdeveloped areas like Rajputana to commercial centres like Mumbai and Kolkata (Birla, 2010).

What was the value of Indian cotton textile and yarn sales in the Levant by the 1780s?

Almost £600,000 per year (Washbrook, 1988).

What was the result of introducing deep-caste mining methods in South Africa?

Annual exports exploded from £2.5m in the 1860s to £27m by 1906 (Austin, 2025).

How did colonial rule affect feudal monopolies in places like Zanzibar?

It broke them up, for example, by buttressing the power of the sultans (Freund, 1998).

What caused the rapid decline of Indian cotton competitiveness in Britain?

The imposition of import charges on Indian clothing (Roy, 2010).

What was the benefit of the subsidiary system of Mughal control?

It allowed for greater fiscal autonomy (Washbrook, 1988).

Why did European methods of agricultural development in Africa often prove fruitless compared to local methods?

They relied on intensive, labour-dependent cultivation, whereas local producers used more successful extensive, land-dependent methods (Austin, 2015).

What evidence exists for complex trade relations in Kano before 1904?

500 tons of raw cotton were imported to Kano for spinning by 1904 (Lovejoy, 1978).

Why did the colonial state believe they could control the dangers of urban concentration in settler colonies?

Because settlers acted as an unofficial paramilitary force and a middle-management class (Mamdani, 1996).

Who is the scholar associated with the study of Proletarianisation in the colonial context?

Cooper (1996)