Bio Exam 3

Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian Explosion? 

• The accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support more active metabolisms.

• The emergence of predator-prey relationships among animals

• The movement of animals onto land

The movement of animals onto land

Which of the following is not used to determine animal relatedness?

 

• Planes of symmetry in the body organization

• Whether they are unicellular or multicellular

• The presence or absence of a coelom.

• Germ layers present during early stages of development

Whether they are unicellular or multicellular

If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can properly be included among which of the following clades (i.e., groups) listed below: 

 

• Eumetazoans

• Parazoans

• Deuterostome

• Lophotrochozoans

Parazoans

Which of the following is a FALSE statements about phylogeny trees? 

 

• Phylogeny trees are static and unchanging.

• Phylogenetic trees are based on different lines of collected evidence that are used to form hypotheses about animal relatedness.

• Phylogenetic trees may change with the addition of new evidence.

Phylogeny trees are static and unchanging.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the phylum Chordata?

 

• Have bilateral symmetry, true tissues, and the mouth develops before their anus during development.

• Have bilateral symmetry, true tissues, and the anus develops before the mouth during development.

• Chordates are protostomes that lack true tissues but have bilateral symmetry.

Have bilateral symmetry, true tissues, and the anus develops before the mouth during development.

Beginning with the first appearance of each of the following, what is the correct sequence for evolution of the amniotic egg, jaws, backbone, and tetrapod condition?

 

• backbone, jaws, tetrapod, amniotic egg

• backbone, jaws, amniotic egg, tetrapod

• amniotic egg, backbone, jaws, tetrapod

backbone, jaws, tetrapod, amniotic egg

Which from below are reasons that explain why insects have been successful throughout evolutionary history? 

 

• They have short life spans so they can adapt quickly to changing environments.

• They are tiny and can live in most places.

• All of the choices listed are reasons why insects have been successful.

• Most insects have wings which helps to expand their territory for resources and to evade predators.

All of the choices listed are reasons why insects have been successful

Which of the following statements related to human evolution is TRUE?

 

• Fossil evidence suggests that human evolution began in China.

• Big brains, bipedality, and tool making all evolved at the same time.

• Bipedality was a trait that evolved early on and before big brains and the ability to make tools.

• Big brains, bipedality, and nursing the young, are traits that set humans apart from non-human primates.

Bipedality was a trait that evolved early on and before big brains and the ability to make tools.

Who am I? I’ve got vessels of varying sizes, a muscular pump with just 2 chambers (one atria and one ventricle), and blood.

 

• Spider

• Chimpanzee

• Amphibian

• Fish

Fish

The food we eat is used for what? Choose all that apply.

 

• ATP synthesis

• raw material to build molecules

• raw cellular material to build cells

• obtaining essential nutrients

all of the above

Epithelium is tissue that can take a lot of physical wear and tear, but compared with some other tissues, it does not absorb materials well.  Which of the following organs in the digestive system are least likely to be lined by this type of tissue?

 

• Small intestine

• Mouth

• Stomach

• Esophagus

Small intestine

Dedicated circulatory systems that are either open or closed are not necessary in animals that _______.

 

• Are filter feeders

• Are made up of a thin layer of cells.

• Have hemolymph instead of blood

• Have a vertebral backbone

Are made up of a thin layer of cells.

Which of the follow heart valves prevents blood from flowing backwards from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

 

• Tricuspid valve

• Aortic semilunar valve

• Pulmonary semilunar valve

• Bicuspid valve

Bicuspid valve

If a gallstone were to block the bile duct, which type of food would become more difficult to digest?

 

• Starch

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Fats/Lipids

Fats/Lipids

A person with difficulties moving food through their digestive tract would have a defect in which layer of tissue? 

 

• Muscularis

• Serosa

• Mucosa

• Submucosa

• Muscularis

Which vessel is NOT correctly matched with its structure and function?

 

• Arterioles control the flow of blood into the capillaries and therefore have precapillary sphincters

• Capillaries are one-cell layer thick to ensure efficient exchange of substances

• Arteries are strong because they conduct blood towards the heart under high pressure

• Veins return blood to the heart under low pressure and therefore are not as strong as arteries

Arteries are strong because they conduct blood towards the heart under high pressure

Why do living organisms need to perform gas exchange?

 

• All of the choices listed are correct

• If heterotrophic, need to get rid of carbon dioxide (waste product from making sugars)

• If autotrophic, need to get carbon dioxide to use in photosynthesis

• Need to acquire oxygen to assist in the production of energy (making ATP)

All of the choices listed are correct

Choose the FALSE statement regarding CO₂ and the body.

 

• CO2 helps hemoglobin release more oxygen to hard-working tissues during exercise

• Increase in blood CO2 levels leads to the Bohr effect

• The brain responds to higher levels of CO2 in the blood by increasing breathing rate

• The majority of CO2 is carried back to the lungs by hemoglobin

The majority of CO2 is carried back to the lungs by hemoglobin

Arrange the following organs in the order in which air contacts them as air is drawn into the body.

a. trachea

b. bronchiole        

c. pharynx

d. alveoli

e. larynx

c, e, a, b, d

Fish & other aquatic organisms must ventilate their gills to:

 

• maintain the concentration gradients of O2 and CO2 between blood and water

• slow down the rate of diffusion of gases into their cells

• keep blood flowing steadily across the gills

• minimize the amount of salt intake

maintain the concentration gradients of O2 and CO2 between blood and water

Which of the following statements correctly describes counter-current exchange system of fish gills?

 

• Blood passing through gill capillaries flows in the opposite direction as water flowing across the gills, allowing blood oxygen content to become greater than that of water leaving the gills

• Blood passing through gill capillaries flows in the same direction as water flowing across the gills, allowing blood oxygen content to come into equilibrium with that of water leaving the gills

• Blood passing through gill capillaries flows in the opposite direction as water flowing across the gills, allowing blood oxygen content to become greater than that of water leaving the gills

All of the following are characteristics of an insect’s respiratory system except:

 

• spiracles are the location of gas exchange between the internal & external regions of the insect

• gases travel in the body through tracheae which branch into smaller tracheoles

• arteries are required for final exchange of gas within the respiratory system

• contractions of body muscles help move gases through the tracheoles and trachea

arteries are required for final exchange of gas within the respiratory system

If tracing the movement of gases in a mammal, which list of numbers describes the process (either in or out of the system)?

1. mitochondria use O₂ for ATP synthesis (cell respiration) & give off CO₂ as waste

2. air moves into / out of lungs

3. gases move between alveoli & blood

4. gases move between blood & cells

2, 3, 4, 1

Which of the following best states the advantage of gills & lungs being highly folded?

 

• Lowers the resistance for diffusion of the gases in air & water

• Increases the concentration gradient during countercurrent exchange

• Increases the surface area to volume ratio for increased gas exchange

• Decreases the likelihood of the organ drying out

 

Increases the surface area to volume ratio for increased gas exchange