MICRO TEST 1 Q&A with short answer and fill in the blank

Describe the steps involved in how a chemolithotroph uses redox reactions to obtain energy in the form of ATP. (Specific molecule names not required, just types of molecules and metabolic processes.)

Chemolithotrophs oxidize inorganic compounds and use the electron transport chain to generate ATP using an inorganic acceptor or oxygen with aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

Describe briefly how fluorescence microscopy is used to detect the locations of specific molecules in cells.

Fluorescence microscopy uses a light source at a wavelength to cause the specimen to fluoresce at a different wavelength. Some cells exhibit autofluorescence, but fluorescent dyes are also used to stain specific cell structures. Fluorescently tagged protein can be specifically localized in cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tagged genes that produce fluorescent proteins that can be seen under a fluorescence microscope.

The wavelength of light is the major factor in determining the _____ of a microscopy method.

Resolution

The term describing classification of organisms with regard to their evolutionary history is ____.

Phylogeny

An organism that utilizes light as an energy source and protein as a carbon source is classified as a ______.

Photoheterotroph

In the absence of oxygen, some organisms can carry out the process of _____ respiration.

Anaerobic

The acquisition of mitochondria and chloroplasts by eukaryotes took place via the process of _____.

Endosymbiosis

Some Archaea are the biological producers of the strongest greenhouse gas called ______. Methanogens (methane)

Woese used the sequence of a(n) ______ molecule to constructu his universal tree of life.

rRNA

A _____ plate allows for sample dilution on the plate itself.

Streak

Most viruses can only be visualized using a(n) ______ microscope.

Electron

Culturing bacteria under conditions that select for optimal growth of organisms with particular metabolic capabilities is called _____.

Enrichment techniques (enrichment culture/enrichment)

A contribution of the early classification of organisms by Linnaeus is the continued use of Latin names for _____.

Genus species (species and genus/species names)

A ______ plate requires diluting a sample in liquid before plating.

Spread

Hyperthermophilic organisms are often members of the domain _____.

Archaea

The proton motive force is used to generate ATP via the process called _______.

Chemiosmotic coupling (chemiosmosis)

The most commonly used differential staining method used in light microscopy of bacteria is the ____ stain.

Gram

The transfer of phosphate from Phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to produce ATP is an example of:

A. Fermentation, B. Oxidative phosphorylation, C. Substrate-level phosphorylation, D. Photophosphorylation, E. A condensation reaction

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Which one of the following is NOT true about fermentation?

A. Requires an electron transport chain, B. Does not require a terminal electron acceptor, C. Produces commercially useful products, D. Recycles/oxidizes NADH to NAD+, E. All of the above are true about fermentation

Requires an electron transport chain

The purpose of Koch's Postulates is to:

A. Demonstrate the infectious agent causing a particular disease, B. Determine how an infectious agent causes a particular disease, C. Determine what infectious agents are in a sample, D. Determine an infectious agent's relative virulence

Demonstrate the infectious agent causing a particular disease

A pure culture...

A. is sterile, B. is made of a clearly defined chemical medium, C. has only one type of organism, D. can only be purchased from a stock culture collection

has only one type of organism

When using dark-field microscopy, the light that enters the objective lens is that which:

A. Was produced by metabolic activity of the cell, B. Did not pass through the condenser lens, C. Was reflected by the 'dark-field stop', D. Was scattered by cells in the specimen, E. Was not scattered by cells in the specimen

Was scattered by cells in the specimen.

How does an atomic force microscope visualize the surface contours of a sample?

A. It reflects a beam of electrons off the surface, B. It reflects a beam of protons off the surface, C. It pushes a heavy metal atom across the surface and tracks its movement up and down, D. It passes a stylus across the surface and measure its movement up and down, E. It creates a plastic mold across the surface and uses it to produce a heavy metal replica

It passes a stylus across the surface and measures its movement up and down.

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about phase contrast microscopy?

A. The condenser puts all of the incident light in phase, B. Light diffracted by the specimen is retarded ¼ wavelength, C. Diffracted light is subtracted from the image by the phase contrast optics, D. The eye can detect the phase differences in the light, E. Live cells can be viewed

The eye can detect the phase differences in the light.

The microscope lens that focuses the light onto the sample slide is the:

A. Objective lens, B. Ocular lens, C. Condenser lens, D. Focus lens, E. Bulb lens

Condenser lens

Select the FALSE statement about enzymes.

A. Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy required to achieve the transition state, B. Enzymes determine the direction that they catalyze, C. Some enzymes can use ATP to drive reactions forward, D. Enzymes are not consumed during their reactions, E. All of the above are TRUE statements

Enzymes determine the direction of the reactions that they catalyze.

What kinds of stains are used for an electron microscope?

A. Acidic dyes, B. Basic dyes, C. No dyes are required, D. Heavy metals, E. A and B depending on the microorganism

Heavy metals

Most bacterial cells are closest to about what diameter?

A. 1 cm, B. 1 mm, C. 0.1 mm, D. 1 um, E. 0.1 um, F. 1 nm

1 um

As each molecule of pyruvate traverses the TCA cycle:

A. 4 molecules of CO2 are generated, B. 3 molecules of CO2 are generated, C. 4 molecules of CO2 are consumed, D. 4 molecules of CO2 are consumed

3 molecules of CO2 are generated

A definition of an autotroph is:

A. An organism that derives its carbon from CO2, B. An organism that derives its energy from sunlight, C. An organism that derives its carbon from water, D. An organism that derives its energy from the earth's geochemical heat.

An organism that derives its carbon from CO2

Which domain(s) of life commonly have linear chromosomes?

A. Bacteria, B. Archaea, C. Eukarya, D. Bacteria and Archaea, E. Archaea and Eukarya, F. All three domains

Eukarya

The total magnification of a light microscope is determined by the:

A. Objective lens, B. Ocular lens, C. Condenser lens, D. Objective and ocular lenses, E. Objective and condenser lenses, F. All three lenses

Objective and ocular lenses

Who is credited as the first individual to observe and describe microorganisms?

A. Robert Hooke, B. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, C. Edward Jenner, D. Robert Koch

Robert Hooke

A Gram stain is conducted on an unknown pure culture and stains the cells pink. What can be concluded about the unknown cells?

A. They have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and inner and outer membranes, B. They have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and a single membrane, C. They have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and inner and outer membranes, D. They have no peptidoglycan and one or two membranes

They have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and inner and outer membrane.

Which of the following is NOT found in viruses?

A. Ribosomes, B. Protein capsid, C. Nucleic acid, D. A membrane

Ribosomes

In a Redox reaction, the electron donor becomes:

A. Reduced, B. Oxidized, C. Carboxylated, D. Negatively charged, E. Hydrophobic

Oxidized

What two evolutionary lines did the LUCA diverge into?

A. One leading to Archaea and Bacteria, and the other to Eukarya, B. One leading to Eukarya and the other to Bacteria, C. One leading to Archaea and Eukarya, and the other to Bacteria, D. One leading to Eukarya and Bactreia, and the other to Archaea

One leading to Archaea and Eukarya, and the other to Bacteria.

An organism that utilizes carbon dioxide as its sole carbon source and hydrogen sulfide as its energy source is a:

A. photoautotroph, B. photoheterotroph, C. chemolithoautotroph, D. Chemoheterotroph, E. Fermentative organism

chemolithoautotroph

"Fixing" of bacterial cells for light microscopy is commonly accomplished by:

A. Treatment with alcohol, B. Application of a stain, C. Air-drying the cells, D. Briefly heating the cells

Briefly heating the cells

The term "prokaryote" refers to cells that:

A. Have not replicated their chromosomes, B. Do not have a nucleus, C. Do not have a cell wall, D. Do not have a cytoskeleton, E. Evolved before the appearance of oxygen in earth's atmosphere

Do not have a nucleus

Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by:

A. Showing that boiling of nutrient medium could result in the failure of microorganisms to appear, B. Showing that simply contact with gaseous air was not sufficient to cause the appearance of microorganisms in medium, C. Showing that microorganisms could be blocked from entering sterile medium by a cotton plug, D. Showing that microorganisms would only grow in the presence of oxygen

Showing that simply contact with gaseous air was not sufficient to cause the appearance of microorganisms in medium.

Streak plates allow us to isolate pure cultures because:

A. We use medium that only allows the growth of a single species, B. We always start the streak from a liquid culture, C. An isolated colony is derived from a single cell, D. Multiple species cannot grow together in a colony, E. This is false; streak plates do not allow the isolation of pure cultures

An isolated colony is derived from a single cell.

Bacterial cells generate a proton gradient across the two sides of their:

A. Chromosome, B. Peptidoglycan wall, C. Cytoplasmic membrane, D. Outer membrane, E. TCA cycle

Cytoplasmic membrane

Studies by Beijernick and Winogradsky demonstrated which of the following?

A. Photosynthesis by bacteria, B. Metabolism of gelatin by bacteria, C. The presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells, D. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into cellular nitrogen, E. Growth of Archaea in deep sea vents

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into cellular nitrogen

The molecule FADH2 will...

A. Accept electrons from NADH, B. Covalently associate with certain enzymes in their active site, C. Donate electrons to ATP synthase, D. Donate electrons to an electron transport chain, E. None of the above statements are true

Donate electrons to an electron transport chain.

What type of microscopy is commonly used to determine the location of a specific protein within a cell?

A. Bright field microscopy, B. Fluorescence microscopy, C. Dark field microscopy, D. Phase contrast microscopy, E. Atomic force microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy

Which of the following is a prosthetic group involved in respiration?

A. FeS cluster, B. NADH, C. FAD+, D. Cytochrome C

FeS cluster