Population and environment midterm

demography

the study of populations

P1 + (B-D)+(I-E)=P2

Population change formula, includes natural increase(births and deaths) and net immigration(immigration and emigration)

natural increase

Does natural increase or net immigration cause a greater percentage of population change?

population growth rate

Total change in population, during a given time
period, in relation to initial population.

age specific birth rate

Number of children born annually per 1000 women in a specific age group.

total fertility rate

hypothetical measure of how many children a woman would have over her lifetime if she followed age specific fertility rates

replacement level fertility

2.1 children per woman, total fertility rate at which population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next

global fertility rate

2.5 children per woman

factors in fertility decline

womens rights movement, civil right movement, woman in workforce, education system

factors in infant mortality

birth defects, pre-term birth, sudden infant death syndrome

demographic transition

four stage process that looks at changing birth and death rates over time

demographic transition stage 1

pre-industrial stage, high birth rate, high death rate, low population growth

demographic transition stage 2

early industrial stage, high birth rate, rapidly falling death rate, rapidly increasing population

demographic transition stage 3

late industrial stage, falling birth rate, slowly falling death rate, decreased population growth

demographic transition stage 4

post-industrial stage, low birth rate, low death rate, little to no population growth

population pyramid

a graphic representation of the percentage or number of a population by age and gender

population momentum

the continuing growth of world population due to the high percentages of people in or entering their childbearing years

Malthusian perspective

population increase is exponential and food increase is linear, therefore population will eventually outplace food supply resulting in a mass famine

preventative check

a population check that stabilizes or lowers birth rates

positive check

a population check that increases death rates

Neo-malthusian perspective

population is the driving force of environmental degradation when considering not only food supply, but consumption, technology, and social institutions

policy

a set of principles designed to guide behavior

direct incentive

policy that addresses problem through some sort of added incentive

indirect incentive

policy that addresses problem through another related means with added incentive

USAID

US government foreign aid with the goal to maximize access to family planning, and to reduce population growth rates to a sustainable level

UNFPA

united nations fund for population activities that includes 150 countries and the U.S. has an on and off relationship with

Economist perspective

poverty drives environmental degradation and population growth, difficulty meeting the needs of poverty results in short term exploitation of the environment rather than long term conservation

structuralist perspective

social structures and institutions are the causes of poverty, environmental degradation, and population change, particularly economic and political institutions

neo-malthusian critiques

greater population density is not correlated with poverty, environmental degradation is influenced by rich interests rather than poor interests

Neo-malthusian population effects

higher job competition, lower wages for those who work, dilution of economic gain, increased pressure on natural resources, increased use of pesticides

Economist poverty effects

need for children to produce income, lack of resources for family planning and contraceptives, lack of time, money, and power to change habits that negatively affect the environment

political economy

structuralist idea that there is a systematic relationship between political and economic processes

Structuralist social structure effects

unequal access to access resources, education, and capital, keeps women from having equal rights, low levels of environmental law enforcement

I=PAT

equation for understanding environmental impact through the culmination of population, affluence, and technology

IPAT population impact

population impacts are higher in stage 2 of the demographic transition and the initial stage 3

IPAT affluence impact

affluence impact increases throughout the stages of the demographic transition and is highest in stages 3 and 4

IPAT technology impact

technology impact is highest during stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition

ecological footprint

The land and water area required to support the material standard
of living in a given population, using prevailing technology

ecological footprint life areas

food, housing, transportation, goods, services

ecological footprint land use

crop land, grazing land, fishing ground, forest land, carbon uptake land, built up land

biocapacity

the limit which our ecological footprint must stay within in order to be sustainable

ecological reserve

when biocapacity exceeds ecological footprint

ecological deficit

when ecological footprint exceeds biocapacity

gini coefficient

measures the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution, 0 is perfect economic equality, 100 is perfect economic inequality

conspicuous consumption

modern materialism, and displays of wealth, has negative environmental impact and is ultimately unnecessary

conspicuous leisure

expensive tastes(clothing, food etc.), nonproductive use of time that negatively impacts the environment and is ultimately unnecessary

conspicuous waste

using excessive amounts of goods, or discarding things that could be recycled or repaired, has negative environemental impacts and is ulitmately unne

exported environmental risk

Natural resources are frequently extracted in one country, transformed into products in another, and consumed in a third. MDCs get the benefits of consuming imported resources, but the environmental costs of producing them falls on LDCs

circle of poison

The US manufactures pesticides and ships them to other countries, they use them for produce, the produce is shipped to the US and has residue of the pesticides

treadmill of consumption

idea that we are in a vicious cycle of consumption because we associate consumption with happiness, therefore we never stop consuming in order to reach an unobtainable level of satisfaction

ecological carrying capacity

The population of a species that a habitat can sustain under a given
set of environmental conditions and use

overshoot

When a populations use of a habitat goes beyond the carrying capacity of what that habitat/ecosystem can support

factors in human carrying capacity

supply and demand of resources, exchange of resources, distribution of resources, and food waste

food security

the ability of people to consume a sufficient amount of safe and nutritious food

food insecurity

uncertainty about acquiring sufficient food to meet ones needs

food insecurity with hunger

Multiple indicators of reduced food intake and disrupted eating patterns

components of food security

food availability, stability of supplies, access to food, food utilization