Mammalian and Avian Anatomy Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering mammalian male reproduction, ruminant digestion, the urinary system, avian anatomy, and basic osteology.

Testes

Male gonads responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.

Seminiferous tubules

Specific site within the testes where sperm production occurs.

Interstitial cells (leydig cells)

Cells that produce testosterone.

Sustentacular cells

Cells that prevent the immune system from attacking developing sperm.

Rete testis

Part of the reproductive system that transports sperm into the head of the epididymis.

Testicular arteries

Paired arteries that feed into the vasculature of the testis.

Epididymis

Organ with three parts: the caput (head), corpus (body), and cauda (tail).

Vas deferens

Tube that transports sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra.

Ampulla

A muscular widening of the vas deferens that contracts to speed up ejaculation.

Seminal vesicles

Glands that supply proteins, sugars, and citric acid to the seminal plasma.

Prostate gland

Gland responsible for cleansing and lubricating the urethra.

Bulbourethral gland

Gland that cleanses and lubricates the urethra and supplies a gelatinous plug.

Semen

The combination of sperm and seminal plasma.

Glands penis

The end of the penis, filled with nerves that are stimulated during copulation.

Fibro-elastic penis

A type of penis with high connective tissues, a retractor penis muscle, and a sigmoid flexure.

Vascular penis

A type of penis characterized by high blood flow, increasing in length and diameter when filled with blood.

Pampiniform plexus

A structure for temperature regulation that cools arterial blood entering the testes and warms venous blood leaving them.

Tunica dartos muscle

A thin layer of muscle that contracts when the testes are cold and relaxes when they are warm.

Cremaster muscle

Striated muscle that pulls the testes closer to or further from the body.

Sweat glands (Testes)

Glands that help control temperature using evaporative cooling.

Regurgitation

The first step of the rumination cycle where reticulum helps return initially chewed feed to the mouth.

Reinsalvation

Process where salivary glands add more mucin and bicarbonate to assist in breaking down feed.

Remastication

The act of rechewing the feed during the rumination cycle.

Redeglutition

The act of reswallowing the feed.

Salivary glands (Ruminant)

Glands that produce saliva but notably do not produce salivary amylase.

Reticulum

Known as the honeycomb or hardware stomach; responsible for regurgitation.

Rumen

Compartment responsible for microbial fermentation of feed and production of volatile fatty acids.

Omasum

Compartment responsible for water absorption, containing numerous folds like pages in a book.

Abomasum

Compartment that produces $HCl$, pepsinogen, and intrinsic factor, and secretes the hormone gastrin.

Greater omentum

A structure overlaying the stomach where white blood cells are produced.

Esophageal Groove

Two folds that close when a young animal suckles to cause milk to bypass the reticulum and rumen.

Duodenum

The shortest part of the small intestine; produces bicarbonate and receives bile and pancreatic secretions.

Jejunum

The middle and usually longest portion of the small intestine; absorbs proteins and carbohydrates.

Ileum

Part of the small intestine where absorption of bile salts and water occurs.

Cecum

Part of the large intestine where microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occurs.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney.

Urinary system pH regulation

Regulates acid base balance to maintain a level of approximately $7.4\,pH$.

Avian urinary storage

Unlike mammals with bladders, birds store urine in the colon of the large intestine.

Renal cortex

The outer part of the kidney.

Renal medulla

The inner part of the kidney.

Renal pyramids

Cone shaped structures within the kidney.

Renal pelvis

A funnel shaped opening in the kidneys that receives urine.

Loop of Henle

Part of the renal tubule responsible for the reabsorption of salt and water from urine.

Adrenal cortex

The part of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones.

Adrenal medulla

The part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine.

Oropharynx

The combined oral and pharyngeal space in birds.

Hypoid apparatus

A complex of cartilage and bone that strengthens and supports the tongue.

Palatine cleft

The passage between the oral and nasal cavities in birds.

Infundibular cleft

The common opening of the eustachian tubes in birds.

Laryngeal cleft

The opening into the larynx.

Syrinx

A Y-shaped organ at the base of the trachea used for vocalization in birds.

Crop

A storage area for feed in the avian digestive system.

Proventriculus

The glandular stomach in birds responsible for chemical and enzymatic breakdown.

Ventriculus

The muscular part of the avian digestive system that grinds feed.

Meckel's diverticulum

A yolk stalk remnant that is part of the immune system.

Hepatic Portal System

System that collects nutrients from the digestive tract and transports them directly to the liver.

Stigma line

The specific site of ovulation on the follicle.

Magnum

The part of the oviduct that secretes the albumen protein (egg white).

Isthmus

The part of the oviduct where two shell membranes are deposited.

Uterus (Avian)

The site of 'plumping' (taking up water) and addition of shell pigment.

Utero-vaginal juncture

The storage area for sperm after copulation until oviposition occurs.

Plumping

The process in the avian uterus where the egg takes up approximately $15\,g$ of water.

Oviposition

The final step where the egg passes through the cloaca and exits through the vent.

Pulmonary surfactant (Incubation)

A substance produced on Day 18 of chick incubation.

Osteology

The study of bones.

Ossein

The organic component of bone, making up $\frac{1}{3}$ of its composition.

Tricalcium phosphate

The inorganic component of bone, making up $\frac{2}{3}$ of its composition.

Exoskeleton

A hard outer skeleton that is outside of the body.

Endoskeleton

A skeleton embedded within the muscle.

Axial skeleton

Bones of the skull, ribs, and vertebrae used for protection and mobility.

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the appendages or limbs that aid in motion.

Heterotrophic bones

Floating bones, such as the os cordis, scleral rings, or hyoid apparatus.

Origin (Muscle)

The end of the muscle attached to the stationary part of the bone.

Insertion (Muscle)

The end of the muscle attached to a mobile section of bone.

Primordial follicle

ovum is surrounded by squamous follicular cells (before birth)

Primary follicle

1. contains ovum with one layer of granulosa cells

Secondary follicle

1. contains ovum with tow or more layers of granulosa cells and come theca cells

Late secondary follicle

1. antrum is space filled with follicular fluid

Ovulation

Ready antral follicle - layers of granulosa cells and a large antrum, ovulation expelling ovum

Corpus hemorrhagicum

first ovarian structure, filled with blood from the bursting of earlier

Corpus luteum

produces progesterone

corpus albicans

last step

infundibulum

surrounds ovary, catches ovum during ovulation

ampulla

• part of the oviduct is lined with cilia to assist the ovum in moving down the oviduct

Ampullary

• isthmus function - site of fertilization

Isthmus

• more muscular, connects the ampual to uterus

endometrium

• inner most layer, nutrient exchange thought blood system to fetus

Myometrium

middle layer of uterus, expel fetus out

perimetrium

outer most layer

protective

• prevents microorganisms from entering the uterus

sperm reservoir

• semen is stored in the crevices in cervix (sperm gets lost here in the folds)

lubrication

• mucus is produced to help pass fetus though cervix

simplex

no uterine horns, large uterine body, 1 cervices

duplex

 large uterine horns, no uterine body, 2 cervice

bicornuate

large uterine horns, small uterine body, one cervices

placental

function is nutrient and gas exchange for fetus

amnion

innermost avascular membrane aorund fetus, filled with amniotic fluid

allantois

middle membrane filled with fluid, water break

chorion

outter most avascular layer

Mammary gland

milk producing tissue