Biology 200 - Chapter 18: Kingdom Protista Comprehensive Study Guide

This set of 55 flashcards covers the evolutionary origins, classification, biological characteristics, and human relevance of Kingdom Protista, based on the Chapter 18 lecture transcript.

According to the timeline of early life, regular organisms were confined to the oceans less than how many years ago?

$1$ billion years ago

Approximately how many million years ago did the transition from water to land occur?

$500$ million years ago

Which organism is identified as a probable indirect ancestor of land plants?

Coleochaete

What are three shared features between Coleochaete and land plants?

Cells resembling parenchyma, development of a cell plate and phragmoplast during mitosis, and a protective covering for the zygote

According to Kingsley Stern, slides of these organisms are often viewed at what magnification?

$$400 \times$$

Kingdom Protista belongs to which domain?

Domain Eukarya

What are the three varied methods members of Kingdom Protista use to obtain nutrition?

Photosynthesis, ingestion of food, and absorption of food

What type of life cycles do individual members of Kingdom Protista have?

They vary considerably across different phyla

Algae are grouped into phyla based on which three classification factors?

Form of reproductive cells, specific combinations of pigments, and types of food reserves

Green algae belong to which phylum?

Phylum Chlorophyta

Where is the greatest variety of Phylum Chlorophyta found?

Freshwater lakes, ponds, and streams

What specific chlorophylls are found in Phylum Chlorophyta?

Chlorophylls $a$ and $b$

In what form do green algae store their food?

Starch

How many flagella does a Chlamydomonas cell possess?

A pair of whip-like flagella

What is the function of the two or more vacuoles at the base of Chlamydomonas flagella?

Regulating water content and waste removal

What are the proteinaceous structures associated with starch synthesis in Chlamydomonas called?

Pyrenoids

In Chlamydomonas, what is the red eyespot used for?

Sensitivity to light, allowing the alga to swim toward it

How many haploid zoospores are produced by meiosis in a Chlamydomonas zygospore?

$$4$$

What is the specialized cell used by Ulothrix for attachment?

A holdfast cell

What is the physical description of a Ulothrix chloroplast?

Wide, curved, and somewhat flattened

What is the common name for the genus Spirogyra?

Watersilk

How are the ribbon-shaped chloroplasts arranged in Spirogyra?

Spirally wrapped around the vacuole

What is the only method of asexual reproduction in Spirogyra?

Fragmentation of the filament

What is the name of the sexual reproduction process in Spirogyra?

Conjugation

How many flagella are found on the fringe of an Oedogonium zoospore?

approximately $120$

In Oedogonium, what is the definition of oogamy?

One motile gamete (sperm) and one larger, stationary gamete (egg)

In Oedogonium, what is the name of the boxlike cell that produces two motile sperm?

Antheridium

What is the name of the swollen cell in Oedogonium that contains a single egg?

Oogonium

How many zoospores does an Oedogonium zygote produce via meiosis?

$$4$$

How does the green alga Chlorella reproduce asexually?

Via mitosis (producing daughter cells or autospores)

Which genus of green alga is shaped like a delicate mushroom and consists of a single huge cell?

Acetabularia (Mermaid’s Wineglass)

What term describes the life cycle of Ulva where haploid and diploid blades appear indistinguishable?

Isomorphism

What is a unique cellular characteristic of the genus Cladophora?

It has mostly multinucleate cells

In Phylum Chromophyta, the cell walls of diatoms are composed of what percentage of silica?

$$95 \%$$

What are the pigments found in the Phylum Chromophyta class Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)?

Chlorophylls $a$, $c_1$, and $c_2$, and fucoxanthin

Freshwater diatoms use what lengthwise groove for rapid, jerky movement?

A raphe

What are the zygotes of diatoms called?

Auxospores

Large brown algae (Phaeophyceae) usually have a thallus comprised of which three parts?

Holdfast, stipe, and blades

What is the carbohydrate reserve in brown algae?

Laminarin

What substance is found in the cell walls of brown algae?

Algin

In the genus Fucus, how many eggs does an oogonium produce and how many sperm does an antheridium produce?

$8$ eggs and $64$ sperm

By what structures do red algae (Rhodophyta) get their color?

Phycobilins

In the life cycle of Polysiphonia, what produces nonmotile spermatium?

Spermatogonia (on the male gametophyte)

In the life cycle of Polysiphonia, what produces tetraspores that germinate into gametophytes?

The tetrasporophyte

What is the flexible outer layer of Phylum Euglenophyta called?

A pellicle

What is the food storage carbohydrate in Phylum Euglenophyta?

Paramylon

What percentage of Dinophyta (dinoflagellate) species are nonphotosynthetic?

$$45 \%$$

What is the vestigial nucleus of a symbiont found in Phylum Cryptophyta?

A nucleomorph

What is the name of the third flagellum in Phylum Prymnesiophyta used for capturing food?

A haptonema

What material do Stoneworts (Phylum Charophyta) precipitate?

Calcium salts

What are two commercial uses of Algin derived from brown algae?

In ice cream, salad dressing, latex paint, textiles, or ceramics

What is the mass of protoplasm with many diploid nuclei and no cell wall in Myxomycota called?

A plasmodium

In Myxomycota spores, what are the threads that often distribute the spores in a mass?

Capillitium

What structure is formed when individual cells of Dictyosteliomycota clump together?

A pseudoplasmodium

What year did the potato blight caused by Phylum Oomycota lead to the Irish Potato Famine?

$$1846$$