THe wholeof Unit 1 APUSH

Let's Goo only 8 more units left goal is to finish unit 4 by end of june unit 8 by before school year starts

Native Americans are

diverse

Northwest Coast

Fishing permanent villages

Great Plains

Nomadic Hunters Buffalo hunting

Northeast/Iroquois

Farming + Hunting

Southwest

Irrigation farming (Maize ,squash,beans)

Three Sisters

Maize, beans ,squash

Tools adapted to environment

bows,fishing gear.

Culture & Religion

Animism Belief Spirits exist in nature

Oral tradition

Stories laws and history

Iroquois Confederacy

Mohawk, Oneida Onondaga Cayuga, Senca, Tuscarora

Disease

Killed large populations of the Indigenous Americans

European explored Americas for

wealth religion and power.

Gold

economic Motives Spanish empire got rich from American mines.

God

spread Christianity, Missionaries to convert Native Americans ,Sales Indulgences in the Catholic Church pay to have no sin.

Glory

Wanted power & land, Spain dominate and England wanted to join in.

Silk Road

Large trade in through Europe and Asia.

1453 Ottaman Empire has

Constantinople

Vasco De Gama Sail

Cape Good Hope (south Africa)

Isabella Castile Castile married

Ferdinand the Second Led the Spanish Inquisition and expelled 200k Jews

European took alot wealth from New world through

trade

Caravel

Small fast ship spanish/Portugese

Lateen Sail

triangular change of directions

Magnetic Compass

Shows directions

Astrolabe

Measures latitude

Joint stock Companies

Investors pool money to fund colonies,Virginia Company → Jamestown

Cash Crops

Virginia Company → Jamestown

Price Revolution

16-17th century inflation in Europe ,Caused by gold/sliver from Americas

Feudalism

Medieval system of land ownership & obligations,Nobles gave land to peasants for labor

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership & profit, European trade& colonies fueled early capitalism

Columbian Exchange

Definition: Transfer of plants, animals, disease, and ideas between Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and New World (Americas) after 1492

KIng Ferdinand and queen isabella issued

Requerimiento

Requerimiento

the pope said so Spanish “accept our rule and religion or we will conquer you

Hernand Cortez

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico (1519–1521).

Used allies, weapons, and disease to defeat Natives.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in Peru (1532).

Took gold and silver, used small Spanish force to beat large Native population.

Encomienda System (Spanish labor system)

Spanish colonists given land and Natives to work in exchange for “protection and conversion.”

Basically forced Native labor → harsh, often deadly.

Transition from Native to African slavery

Natives dying from disease and overwork → labor shortage.

Africans brought in for hard work on plantations, more resistant to disease.

Start of the Atlantic slave trade.

Transition from Native to African slavery

Natives dying from disease and overwork → labor shortage.

Africans brought in for hard work on plantations, more resistant to disease.

Start of the Atlantic slave trade.

Spanish Caste System (Sistema de Castas)

Social hierarchy in Spanish colonies based on race and birth.

Peninsulares →

born in Spain, top power

Creoles →

Spanish descent, born in Americas

Mestizos

mixed Native + Spanish

Mulattos

mixed African + Spanish

Native Americans & Africans

bottom, forced labor

The Impact of Spanish Caste System

Kept Spanish power dominant

Limited Native and African rights

Created long-term racial hierarchy in Latin America

1.6 Main Idea

Different worldviews

→ misunderstanding, conflict, and cultural blending.

Ethnocentrism

Belief your culture is superior

Europeans saw Natives as inferior → justified conquest

Compare: Europeans vs Indigenous

Land Use

Europeans → owned land, farmed, private property

Natives → shared land, used it sustainably

Religion

Europeans → Christian (monotheistic)

Natives → polytheistic (many gods), nature-based

Gender Roles

Europeans → patriarchal (men dominant)

Natives → often more balanced, some women had power

Family Structure

Europeans → nuclear family

Natives → extended family, tribe-based

Misunderstanding + Cultural Adoption

Early contact → both sides misunderstood each other

Later → cultural adoption (blending)

Syncretism:

Mixing of cultures/religions

Example: Virgin of Guadalupe

Catholic figure with Indigenous features (brown skin)

Shows blending of Spanish + Native beliefs

Europeans Adopting Native Culture

• English & French learned:

  • Hunting

  • Trade

  • Survival skills

• French married Natives leading to better relations with Natives compare to other europeans.

Indigenous Resistance

Example: who?

IR

Diplomacy (alliances, trade)

Violence (military resistance)

Example: Taíno Rebellion

Natives resisted Spanish rule in Caribbean

Racial Debates (VERY IMPORTANT) Bartolomé de las Casas

Said Natives are human, should be treated better

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

Said Natives are inferior, slavery justified

Valladolid Debate

Spain debated how to treat Native Americans

Curse of Ham (justifying slavery)

Some Europeans used the Bible (Genesis)

Claimed Africans were “cursed” → justified slavery

Reality: Bible does NOT clearly support race-based slavery (misinterpretation)