Metabolism and Enzymes

___________ is an umbrella term for all the chemical reactions going on in the cell.

Metabolism

Metabolism can BROADLY be described as _________ and _________.

catabolic, anabolic

CATABOLIC reactions start from a _____ molecule and break it down into _______ molecules releasing energy along the way.

larger, smaller

ANABOLIC reactions start with _____ molecules and building them into ______ molecules; requires the input of _____.

smaller, bigger, energy

What makes metabolism (including catabolic and anabolic reactions) happen?

enzymes

ENZYMES are proteins and BIOLOGICAL _______; speed up/increase likelihood/rate of a reaction.

catalysts

When a catalyst bonds to a molecule in some particular way it ______ the ACTIVATION ENERGY to make the reaction more likely to happen.

lowers

The ACTIVE SITE of an ENZYME matches the shape of a particular ________ (reactant/s) causing the enzyme to pull and stretch it; this makes the chemical bond LIKELY to _____ (could encourage binding on the other end of this); when the reaction is finished the PRODUCTS _____ and the enzyme can complete this process again (NOT used up in the reaction).

substrate, break, leave

MOST enzymes are ____________; enzymes working inside the cell.

Endoenzymes

____________ are exported from the cell, and outside the cell is where they catalyze reactions.

Exoenzymes

What are the TWO common control mechanisms for enzymes?

1) Competitive Inhibition 2) Noncompetitive Inhibition

___________ ________ is when an inhibitor (with a shape similar to the substrate but different molecule) binds to the active site instead of the enzyme; sometimes the inhibitor’s binding is permanent occupying the active site where no more substrate can come into the active site TURNING OFF THE ENZYME

Competitive Inhibition

______________ ________ is when an inhibitor inhibits the enzyme, but NOT by binding the active site BUT by binding to ANOTHER SITE on the enzyme called a ________ ____; the MOLECULE (product) that binds behaves as the inhibitor because when it binds it causes the ACTIVE SITE to CHANGE SHAPE which means it can no longer bind the substrate TURNING OFF the enzyme.

Noncompetitive Inhibition, regulatory site

In NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITION when the concentration of the PRODUCT ________ the enzyme is turned ON; when the concentration of the PRODUCT gets too ___ the enzyme is turned OFF.

decreases, high

Bacteria can utilize _________ to cause disease; without them, the bacteria could be perfectly harmless.

exoenzymes

When ENZYMES CHANGE ENVIRONMENTS (i.e greater pH, temperature change, certain chemicals, etc.) they tend to _______; proteins unfold and can’t fold back again.

denature