chem

Rate of reaction rp

hydrochloric acid + sodium thiosulphate

increase pressure in rev reaction

favours side w fewer moles

Removing product

produces more of it

Increasing temp

favours endothermic

alkane

C2+H2n+2

fractional distillation

LPG, petrol, kerosene, diesel, heavy fuel, bitumen

Longer alkanes=

higher boiling point

As you go up the column

it gets colder

Alkene

Cn+H2n (double bond between Cs)

Test for alkene

Turn bromine water colourless

Alcohol

Cn H2n+1 OH

Catalytic cracking

550

Steam cracking

>800

Carboxylic acids

Cn H2n+1 COOH

Hydrogen

Squeaky pop

Oxygen

relight splint

Carbon dioxide

Causes limewater to turn cloudy

Chlorine

Bleaches blue litmus paper

Lithium ions

crimson

Sodium ions

yellow

Potassium

Lilac

Calcium ions

orange

Copper ions

green

How to test for metal ions in solution

add sodium hydroxide

al/ca/mg

white precipitate

Cu

blue precipitate

Fe 11

green precipitate

Fe 111

Brown precipitate

Carbonates, halides and sulphates

react w acid, silver nitrate + nitric acid, barium chloride and hcl

Chloride ions

white

bromide ions

cream

iodide

yellow

POtable water process

water source- filtered- sterilised + (desalination)(

Poop water

screening, sludge anareobic digestion, liquid aerobic treatment

NPK

Nitrogen + phosphorous + potassium salts