Marine Vert Exam 2

The lateral line is used to sense:

water movements and vibrations

The inner ear functions for:

sound detection and balance

Photoreceptors called cones are: (choose all that are true)

used to detect different colors, higher in resolution, lower in sensitivity to light

The sensory structure of the lateral line is the:

neuromast

The part of the inner ear involved with sensing balance and direction of movement is:

the three semicircular canals

Chemoreception includes:

olfaction and taste

The weakly electric fishes can use their electric discharges to: (select all that are true)

detect nearby objects, communicate with others

The tubular eyes of some deep-sea fishes:

increase light sensitivity

When the vertebrate eye is in water, the cornea:

does not refract light

The otoliths aid sound detection because:

they are denser than the tissues so vibrate less

The reflective layer that enhances light sensitivity in the eyes of some fishes is the:

tapetum lucidum

Under low light conditions, the rods of the retina will:

contract and move towards the nerve layer

The "four-eyed" fish, Anableps:

has two eyes, each with two pupils

Light traveling through the vertebrate retina first passes through:

the nerve layer

The electric producing cells that some fishes use to generate electric currents are called:

electrocytes

True or False: Most fishes have a pair of nares that connect to the pharynx

False

The mudskipper:

has eye lenses slightly flattened for good vision in air, but cannot see well under water

Hearing sensitivity to far-field sounds can be enhanced by:

having a connection from the gas bladder to the inner ear

The inner ear functions for:

sound detection and balance

Some extinct lineages of elasmobranchs have the following feature(s) NOT present in most modern sharks:

terminal mouth and multi-cuspid teeth

The first appearance of true bone in the fossil record is found:

in the Ostracoderms, as external plates

The chimeras or "ratfish" are part of the:

Holocephali

Features of the Chondrichthyes include: (select all that apply)

males with claspers, placoid scales, constant tooth replacement

A species where the female retains the embryos internally for development, but all of the nutrition comes from the egg's yolk is called:

ovoviviparity

Filter feeding elasmobranchs capture prey:

on gill rakers

The hyostylic jaw suspension of modern sharks and rays:

allows extension of the upper jaw for biting or suction feeding

The long slender teeth of mako sharks are ideal for:

piercing and holding soft-bodied prey

The features associated with the appearance of the Gnathostomes include: (select all that apply)

two nostrils, pectoral & pelvic fins, jaws

The cookie-cutter shark:

has the largest-teeth relative to body size of any shark

Reproduction in elasmobranchs is characterized by:

internal fertilization

The first fossils of chordates and vertebrates are found in which geological time period?

Cambrian

The longest living vertebrate species is the:

Greenland Shark

An unusual feature of the extinct group Acanthodii was:

additional ventral paired spines between the pectoral and pelvic fin spines

Which group of vertebrates are known for their ability to produce large quantities of slime?

Hagfishes

Which of the following is FALSE about the megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon:

up to 100 feet in length

Anemone fishes, like the clownfish, exhibit which kind of parental care?

guarding

Most bony fish species are:

monomorphic

Most fish species:

have males and females in separate individuals

A fish species that matures initially into a female and then later becomes male is an example of:

protogynous hermaphroditism

Detritivores eat what?

sedimented organic matter, bacteria, fungi and microalgae on the sea bottom

The ray-finned fishes are the:

Actinopterygii

A fish with a mouth opening that is above the midline of the fish probably feeds:

near the water surface

The features associated with the evolution of the Osteichthyes include: (select all that apply)

lepidotrichia fin rays, internal skeleton of bone, lung, bony operculum

Most fishes are:

euryphagous carnivores

"Sneaker" males of some fish species

mature early and dart quickly into nests to fertilize eggs

Long, slender and sharp teeth suggest adaptation for:

feeding on fish and squid that are swallowed whole

The vast majority of modern bony fishes belong to which group?

Teleostei

The ray-finned fishes are the:

Actinopterygii

When the embryos are held internally by the female and receive additional nutrition from a placental-like connection to the mother, it is called:

viviparious

An intromittent organ is:

used to aid internal fertilization

The ability to protrude the upper-jaw in most advanced teleosts allows:

suction feeding

Filter feeders primarily catch their prey using what structures?

long-thin gill rakers

Many teleosts have a secondary food processing structure behind the gill arches called:

pharyngeal teeth

One key feature indicating the Tetrapodamorpha are the closest ancestors of the terrestrial vertebrates is:

the arrangement of bones in the lobed fins

The lobed-finned fishes are the:

Sarcopterygii

The lungfishes (Dipnoi) share which features with the early tetrapods? (select all that apply)

pulmonary circulation, divided atrium, lungs, internal nares

Some African lungfishes are known for:

their ability to estivate in a mud & mucous cocoon

The group most closely related to the terrestrial vertebrates are the:

Tetrapodamorpha

Which organs are used for chemoreception?

nares and tastebuds

What is an otolith?

dense tissue (ear bone) that doesn't vibrate as easily as the soft tissue of the ear.

How do the semicircular canals work?

are arranged in different planes and have fluid in them and small hairs that detect movement in the fluid

What is the limitation of otolith hearing in fishes?

near-field hearing

How is the gas bladder involved in hearing?

the gas bladder is less dense, touches the inner ear, and will vibrate more easily and allows fish to hear "far-field" sounds

What are otoconia?

dense calcareous granules in the ears of elasmobranchs that vibrate against the hairs attached to the soft tissue of the ear

Why do fishes like tuna lack a well-developed lateral line?

they have few obstacles in the ocean open

How do strongly electric fish use their electroreception?

environmental detection, ability to release a short high-intensity voltage pulse to stun prey

How does the fish cornea operate differently than that of a human?

the fish cornea bends light so they can see clearly underwater, but their vision is poor in air

What shape is the lens in a bony fish?

spherical and projecting through the iris

What are features of the elasmobranch eye?

lens less spherical shape/behind iris, can dilate/constrict pupil which can be circular vertical or horizontal, sometimes have a semi-opaque eyelid while others roll eye back into head

What is the path of light in the eye of a bony fish?

light -> cornea -> lens -> retina -> optic nerve

What is the function of the choroid?

supplies oxygen to the retina

Layers of the retina

1) Nerve Layer 2) Photoreceptive Layer 3) Pigment Epithelium

Rods

low light, black & white, high sensitivity, low resolution

Cones

bright light, color vision, low sensitivity, high resolution

When are the first vertebrate/chordate fossils found?

500 mya (Cambrian)

What is the "age of fishes"

Devonian

What is snell's window?

a circular window to see clearly above the surface from below

What are conodonts known for?

conical teeth, being jawless, possibly being early vertebrates

What are cyclostomes?

Agnatha, group including lampreys/hagfishes, longest living fishes

What are ostracoderms?

Extinct "shell skinned" cartilaginous bony plated fishes

What are placoderms?

extinct first jawed vertebrates with heavy plated heads and paired fins

Whats an example of a placoderm?

Dunkleosteus

What are acanthodians (acanthodii)?

extinct spiny sharks with paired fins and heavy spines

stethacanthid sharks

(extinct) had an elaborate first dorsal fin and spine in males

Hybodont Sharks (extinct) features

upper jaw fused to skull, heterodenty, terminal mouth, homocercal caudal fin, no anal fin, modified dorsal fins

What are the two groups of living actinopterygii fishes?

Noeoperygii (gars & bowfish) and Teleosts

Bony fish with canine shaped teeth eat prey with

hard shells

Bony fish with triangular teeth

bite chunks from their prey

Bony fish with incisiform teeth (incisors)

scrape algae or coral

Bony fish with molariform teeth (molars)

crush their food

Which three feeding types are used by bony fishes to catch their prey

gill rakers, biting, and suction feeding

What is advantageous about suction feeding?

food can be pulled in from 25-50% of the head length, prey is overtaken by rapid change in pressure and sudden velocity into mouth

What is advantageous about "reverse suction" feeding?

it can be used to uncover invertebrates hiding in sand and algae

What word describes having both sexes in one individual?

hermaphroditism

Protandrous Hermaphrodites

are male first and change into a female later (anemone fishes, moray eels, moi)

Parthenogenic Hermaphrodites

can have egg development without fertilization and have offspring that are always female, but require the sperm from a male of a different species to activate egg development

Permanently Dimorphic fish species

sexes distinguishable in mature individuals by color, size, or shape differences

Seasonally Dimorphic fish species

have morphological or color differences only during spawning season (Salmon)

What are the functions of courtship patterns

1) aid in species recognition 2) pair bonding 3) orientation to spawning site 4) synchronization of gamete release

Fishes that use bearer parental care

carry embryos and/or young