AP World - Unit 5 Revolutions

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

Heliocentric Model

A representation of the relationship between the Sun and planets in which the planets revolve around the Sun. Copernicus proposed the model.

Principia Mathematica

In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion.

Sir Isaac Newton

British scientist that developed the three laws of motion

The Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Natural Law

God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher than human law

Two Treatises on Government

A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Life, liberty, property

natural rights

Physics

The study of matter and energy and the interactions between the two through forces and motion.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Spirit of Laws

This work by Montesquieu called for a separation of powers and heavily influenced the formation of American government

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Enlightenment thinkers

believed that reason could be used to improve society and human nature.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Louis XVI

• King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Declaration of Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Third Estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

Constitution of 1791

Constitution created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy

Limited Monarchy

government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers

Divine Right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Radical and Reactionary

Radical - want radical change; lots of quick change

Reactionary - want to go back to how it was before any change occured

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Invasion of Russia

A conflict, in which Napoleon invaded Russia, but lost 310,000 troops to the cold and low supplies.

Alliance

a joining together for some common purpose

The Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Monoculture

dependence on a single agricultural commodity

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Haitian revolutionary leader

Caudillos

By the 1830s, Latin America was mostly ruled by these military dictators from the creole class (American-born European-descendant).

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Blood and Iron

policy of German unification put forth by Bismarck; belief that industry & war would unify Germany

Virgin of Guadalupe

Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism.

Kaiser

German emperor

Augustine Iturbide

Officer in the Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824. (p.597)

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Russification

the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire

Pogroms

Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia

Giuseppi Mazzini

creator of the idea "Young Italy"; along with a friend, chased the pope out of Rome and founded the Republic of Rome, which lasted less than a day

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

The Sick Man of Europe

Ottoman Empire

Congress of Berlin

(1878) Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism.

Augsleich

compromise between Austria and Hungary to form...Austria-Hungary.

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

The Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Mass Production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

Great Britain

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Steam Engines

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769.

Cottage Industries

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent.

Locomotives

engines used to pull trains

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Shogun

A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name

Spinning Jenny

A machine that could spin several threads at once

Zaibatsu

powerful banking and industrial families in Japan

Factory Owners

Bourgeoisie

Workers

Proletariat

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

State Pensions

is an arrangement for the state to provide people with an income when they are no longer earning a regular income from employment

Suffrage

the right to vote

Self Strengthening

a policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions

The United Fruit Company

U.S. corporation that controlled the banana trade in much of Latin America

HSBC

Short name for the powerful 19th century transnational corporation named The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. It was established and based in Hong Kong since the 1865, when Hong Kong was one of the British colonies.

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Stock Markets

New financial instruments--especially ways for businesses to raise money--were developed in this period. This includes insurance, corporations, and ____ ____, exchanges where corporate shares could be sold.

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Limited Liability Corporations

The form of business where ownership is in which the owners are liable only up to a certain amount of their individual investment.

Utopian Socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

Middle Class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.