A&P I- Lecture Exam #4

Which of the following describes the increasing effect hormones might have when they bind in combination on a target cell?

synergists

Which of the following describes a cycle which attempts to reverse a change in a variable to RESTORE HOMEOSTASIS?

negative feedback

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from VIBRATION?

mechanoreceptor

Complete the sentence:

_____________ is produced by the ______________ cells of the ________________ and _______________ blood glucose.

insulin; beta; pancreas; decreases

What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?

sodium

Endorphans belong to which class of neurotransmitters?

neuropeptides

Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?

mesencephalon

What two types of macromolecules are the main components of myelin?

lipids and proteins

Match the hormone with its EFFECT

1. Growth hormone → stimulates anabolic stage of metabolism

2. Thyroid → stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones (T3, T4)

3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone → stimulates production and secretion of corticosteroid hormones

4. Follicle stimulating hormone → female stimulation for follicle (reproductive cells) maturation and estrogen production; males sperm production

5. Lutenizing hormone → Female menstrual cycle trigger (including ovulation) and estrogen production ; Males testosterone production

6. Prolactin → promotes lactation

7. Oxytocin → Strong uterine contractions and labor, milk ejection, as neurotransmitter bonding

8. Antidiuretic hormone → reabsorb water during urine formation

9. Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) → Increases sodium ion concentration in the blood and reclamation from urine, shed potassium ions and decrease blood concentrations. Increases blood volume and blood pressure

10. Cortisol (glucocorticoid) → Promotes hyperglycemia and stimulates protein catabolism in an effort to resist stressors, suppresses inflammatory responses

11. Gonadocorticoids → Source of androgens associated and masculinization (fairly minor)

12. Thyroxine → Metabolic increase (catabolism , oxygen utilization, ATP production), Calorigenic, permissive, permissive in multiple systems, increased sensitivity to catecholamines.

13. Calcitonin → Decreases blood calcium levels (minor in humans). Inhibits osteoclast activity, stimulate osteoblast activity, decreased dietary uptake of calcium, decrease reabsoroption of calcium in urine

14. Parathormone → Primary regulator of calcium and phosphorous concentrations in the blood. Stimulates osteoclasts and absorption of calcium from urinary and digestive systems

15. Insulin → Decreases blood glucose by facilitating uptake in body cells, promotes triglyceride synthesis, protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis

16. Glucagon → Increases blood glucose through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis of fatty acids and amino acids

Match the muscles that act on the leg and foot with best description of the action:

1. Rectus femoris → extends leg and flexes hip

2. vastus lateralis → extends leg and stabilizes knee

3. Vastus intermedius → extends leg

4. Flexor hallucis longus → plantarflexes and inverts foot, flexes hallux

5. extensor hallucis longus → extends hallux and dorsiflexes foot

6. Extensor digitorum longus → extends digits 2-5

7. Tibialis anterior → prime mover of dorsiflexion, inverts foot

8. Fibularis longus (with brevis) → plantarflexes and everts foot

9. Gastrocnemius → plantarflexes foot and flexes knee

10. Soleus → plantarflexes foot and important in locomotion and posture

11. Tibialis posterior → prime mover of inversion and plantarflexes foot

12. Popliteus → flexes and rotates leg medially (unlocks extended knee)

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

3rd ventricle

Sex hormones are stored within secretory vescicles

false

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from SEEING COLOR?

photoreceptor

What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?

hypothalamus

Which structure provides lateral stabilization of the spinal cord?

denticulate ligament

Which of the following is a function of the medulla oblongata?

regulate autonomic function

Water-soluble hormones are stores within secretory vescicles

true

Complete the sentence:

_____________ is produced by the ______________ cells of the ________________ and _______________ blood glucose.

Glucagon ; alpha ; pancreas ; increases

Match the ANS division with the expected activation.

Parasympathetic

• Bronchoconstriction

• decreased metabolism

• activation of immune system

• specific responses

• glucose storage

Sympathetic

• generally systemic responses

• Bronchodilation

• increased glucose mobilization

• decreased immune response

• increased metabolism

Select all of the following which are structures of the central nervous system (CNS)

dorsal column, dorsal horn, ventral column, ventral horn, lateral column, lateral horn, gray commissure (everything except the roots)

Spinal nerve plexuses are formed by fusions from the dorsal and ventral rami

false

Which of these location is where the GREATEST level of integration is taking place in the example of testing the temperature of the shower?

cerebral cortex

Which of the following kinds of neurons are NOT generally CHOLINERGIC?

postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Which does NOT apply to hormones?

all hormones are derived from cholesterol

Which of the following is the ANTAGONIST of glucagon?

insulin (high blood glucose)

The development of a goiter indicates that ________.

there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles

Which of the following structures serves as the primary regulator of the AUTONOMIC system?

hypothalamus

All ionotropic receptors:

directly allow the movement of ions across the cell membrane

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from pain?

Chemoreceptor

Thermoreceptor

Photoreceptor

Which extrapyramidal tract incorporates equilibrium sensations with motor commands to aid in posture and movement?

vestibulospinal tract

Antagonists are chemicals which:

blocks the receptor site

Hormones can be

amines, peptides, steroids

Which of the following statements regarding sensory systems is correct?

The term "sensory unit" refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

Select all of the following which are gray matter structures within the spinal cord

all the horns (dorsal, ventral, lateral) and gray commissure

Which would result from a vitamin D deficiency?

an increase in parathyroid hormones levels

Place the sequence of events for neurotransmitter release in the correct order.

1. action potential arrives at presynaptic axon terminal

2. change in membrane potential opens voltage-gated ca2+ channels

3. calcium enters axon terminal

4. secretory vesicles to fuse at the active zone

5. neurotransmitters released through exocytosis

6. neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft

7. neurotransmitters bind to receptors of the postsynaptic cell

You decide to have coffee from the coffee shop this morning. Match the event described with the most appropriate (best matching) region of the cerebrum.

1. Prefrontal cortex → excitedly waiting for your coffee to be made

2. Primary motor cortex → opening the door by pulling with the combined muscle actions of the upper arm

3. Primary somatosensory cortex → feeling the warmth of the cup as you pick it u

4. Visual cortex → reading the menu

5. Auditory cortex → hearing the espresso machine brewing your coffee

6. Olfactory cortex → smelling the aroma of fresh brewed coffee as you walk in

7. Gustatory cortex → Ah- the first sip of coffee is delicious

The types of cells that are specialized to communicate with other cells and control their activities are

neurons

A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs—from neurons X, Y, and Z.

• Stimulation of neuron X causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize by 0.5 mV.

• When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by 1 mV.

• When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously,there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron.

What is most likely true about presynaptic neurons Y and Z?

Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

ACh

The large muscle group that attaches the leg to the pelvic girdle and produces extension of the hip joint is the ________ group.

gluteal

To synthesize thyroid hormones, iodine is attached to

the amino acid tyrosine

What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?

short reflex

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing somatosensory information?

parietal lobe

Which of the following is the best description of a ganglia?

collections of neuronal bodies within the peripheral nervous system

Trace the pathway for cerebrospinal fluid produced in the lateral ventricles to return to the blood by placing the structures it would pass through in the correct order.

1. Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles

2. Interventricular foramen

3. 3rd ventricle

4. cerebral aqueduct

5. 4th ventricle

6. median aperture, lateral aperture, or central canal

7. subarachnoid space around CNS structures

8. subarachnoid space at top of brain

9. arachnoid granulations

10. superior sagittal sinus

11. venous blood flow

Agonist are chemicals which:

Binds to the same receptors as a neurotransmitter and mimics the effects

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from a change in TEMPERATURE?

theromoreceptor

All catecholamines are synthesized from what amino acid?

tyrosine

Which structure provides longitudinal stabilization of the spinal cord?

cauda equina

coccygeal ligament

conus medularis

Which one of the following is the correct sequence for a regulatory reflex arc?

NOT Stimulus, effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor

In the visual pathway providing sensory action potentials to the brain, the first cells that are capable of initiating action potentials are

ganglion cells

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from TASTE?

chemoreceptor

Which of the following enzymes is important for the metabolism of catecholamines?

tyrosine hydroxylase

What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?

adrenal medulla

If a graded potential on a dendrite results in a 5mV depolarization, the depolarization at the axon hillock of the axon might be less than 5mV.

true

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?

retinal ganglion cells

Which muscle abducts and medially rotates the femur?

gluteus medius

Which is not a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

redistributing neurotransmitters

The activity of acetylcholinesterase is an example of:

Glial cell activity

Neurotransmitter reuptake

Neurotransmitter degradation by an enzyme

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

kidneys

Which of the following structures would send information on discriminative touch to the thalamus

dorsal column medial meniscal tract

For a general spinal reflex arc, place the events in the correct order

1. receptors transduce environmental stimuli

2. afferent neuron carries sensory information towards the spinal cord

3. afferent information passes through the dorsal root ganglion then the dorsal root

4. interconnections between neurons integrate signals within the spinal cord

5. motor neurons carry efferent information through the ventral root

6. the targeted effector responds

Match the muscles that act on the thigh with best description of the action:

1. Iliacus → prime mover of flexing the hip

2. Psoas major → flexes hip and lateral flexion of lumbar vertebrae, important postural muscle

3. Gluteus maximus → prime mover for thigh extension and abduction

4. Gluteus medius → abducts and medially rotates thigh, important in walking

5. Tensor fascia latae → Stabilizes the leg and trunk by moderating tension in iliotibial tract, flexes and abduct thigh

6. Piriformis → Rotates and extends the thigh laterally, abducts thigh, stabilizes coxofemoral joint

7. Obturator femoris → Extends and laterally rotates thigh

8. Quadratus femoris → Rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes coxofemoral joint

9. Semitendinosus → Extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg

10. Adductor magnus → Adducts, medially rotates, and flexes thigh and involved in thigh extension

11. Pectineus → Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

12. Biceps femoris → extends thigh, flexes and laterally rotates leg

13. Sartorius → flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh

14. Rectus femoris → extends leg and flexes hip

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that is composed of nerve fibers that innervate skeletal muscle is called the…

somatic motor nervous system (SMNS)

Which of the following neurotransmitters would you expect to find active in the synapses activated during your study sessions devoted to learning the neurotransmitters?

glutamate

Which of the following statements about oxytocin is TRUE?

oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus

What type of cellular junctions would you expect to find in ELECTRICAL synapses?

gap junctions

Short-loop negative feedback occurs when hormones from the __________ inhibit hormone secretion by the __________.

anterior pituitary; hypothalamus

Steroid hormones are stored in the cells that synthesize them until a stimulus is received that provokes their secretion.

false

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

occipital lobe

Water soluble hormones must bind to a receptor on the cell surface to have an effect.

true