IPR 1) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology (Semester 1)

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and definitions related to research methods and statistics in psychology, as discussed in the lecture notes.

Quantitative research

Research that focuses on quantifying data and often involves statistical analysis.

Qualitative research

Research that explores attitudes, behaviors, and experiences in a non-numerical form.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.

Descriptive statistics

Statistics that summarize the data collected in a study.

Inferential statistics

Statistics that allow researchers to make inferences and predictions about a population based on sample data.

Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Reliability

The consistency of a research study or measuring test.

Independent variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is measured in an experiment.

Generalisability

The extent to which findings from a study can be applied to broader contexts.

Ethical approval

Formal permission obtained to conduct research involving human participants.

Randomisation

The process of assigning participants to different conditions in a random manner to enhance the validity of the results.

Counterbalancing

A technique used to control for order effects by varying the order of conditions across participants.

Null Hypothesis

A statement proposing no effect or no relationship between variables.

Type 1 error

The error of rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive).

p-value

The probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed data, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Sampling distribution

The probability distribution of a statistic obtained from a larger number of samples drawn from a specific population.

Central Limit Theorem

The theorem stating that the sampling distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases.

Z-score

A statistical measurement that describes a value's relationship to the mean of a group of values. It measures how many standard deviations a data point is above or below the population mean.

Experimental design

The plan for how to conduct an experiment, including how to manipulate the IV and measure the DV.

T-test

A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

Confound Variable (CV)

An unwanted factor in psychology research that varies systematically with the independent variable (IV), influencing the dependent variable (DV) and making it impossible to determine the true cause-and-effect relationship. Examples include participant characteristics (age, personality), situational factors (time of day, environment), and researcher bias (tone, expectations).

Ethics in research

The principles guiding researchers to conduct their studies responsibly and transparently.

Descriptive statistics examples

Mean, median, mode, and standard deviation.

Statistical power

The probability that a test will correctly reject a false null hypothesis.

Sampling technique

The method used to select individuals from the population for a study.

Continuous variable

A variable that can take an infinite number of values within a range.

Nominal variable

A categorical variable without a natural order or ranking.

Ordinal variable

A categorical variable with a clear ordering of levels.

Parametric tests

Statistical tests that assume data follows a specific distribution.

Non-parametric tests

Statistical tests that do not assume a specific distribution.

Covariance

A measure of how much two random variables vary together.

type II error

It is where you accept the null hypothesis when it is false

Extraneous variables

Factors other than the independent variable that may unintentionally affect impact the dependent variable and the results in a study.