BIO -- CELLS, GENETICS, LIFE FORMS (BT VER)

Biosphere

All ecosystems on Earth.

Ecosystem

All communities and their environment.

Community

All populations in an area.

Population

All individuals of the same species in an area.

Prokaryotic cells

• No true nucleus

• No membrane-bound organelles

• Mostly uniceller

• Archae, Bacteria

Eukaryotic

• Has true nucleus

• Has membrane-bound organelles

• Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Cell membrane

Cell communication and transport.

Genetic material

Storage of genetic information.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis.

Nucleus

Command center.

Golgi apparatus

Transportation of proteins and other cellular components.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Protein synthesis and lipid production.

Mitochondria

ATP synthesis (primary energy carrier).

Lysosome

Cellular digestion.

Chroloplast

Photosynthesis

Vacuole

Storage of food and other cellular components.

Cell wall

Structural support, protection, controls cell transportation.

Organelles present only in prokaryotes

• Nucleoid region

• Capsule

• Plasmid (extra circular DNA)

• Pilli

Organelles present only in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• Ribosomes

• Cytoplasm

• Cell membrane

• Genetic materials

Replication

The DNA double chain “unzips” and a new complementary strand is formed for each “unzipped” strand, creating two complete double-chains.

Transcription

RNA for protein synthesis is created from DNA, the base pairing is now “adenine-uracil”.

Translation

The messenger RNA produced from this will be used as a template for the synthesis of amino acids.

One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis

Each gene directs the synthesis of a protein enzyme that controls a chemical reaction of the cell (the reaction determines the phenotype).

Metabolism

General term for all chemical reactions of a cell, consists of anabolism and catabolism.

Anabolism

Building-up

Catabolism

Breaking-down

Tropism

Slow and permanent reaction by plants.

Phototropism

To light

Geotropism

To gravity

Thigmotropism

To touch

Auxin

Cell differentiation, cell elongation, plant growth.

(Plant Hormone Functions)

Gibberellin

Stem elongation, flower development.

(Plant Hormone Functions)

Ethylene

Ripening of fruit.

(Plant Hormone Functions)

Abscisic acid

Water control, control of stomata.

(Plant Hormone Functions)

Cytokinin

Cell division, cell repair.

(Plant Hormone Functions)

Benthos

Organisms on the seabed (ex: starfish, corals, crab).

(Ocean Life Forms)

Nekton

Organisms that swim (ex: fish, squid, shrimp).

(Ocean Life Forms)

Plankton

Organisms that float or drift on the water surface (ex: algae, bacteria, sea urchin, starfish, fish, and crustacean larvae).

(Ocean Life Forms)

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

The theory by Lamarck that says that traits developed during an organism’s lifetime are passed onto its offspring.

Adaptation

“Fitness” (for an organism to survive its environment), possession of characteristics.