Microscope

objective lens

4x - 10x - 40x - 100x (oil immersion)

oculars

eyepiece

10x

total magnification

magnification of objectives x magnification of the oculars = ?

resolution

indicates how small and how close 2 individual objects are (the limit of usable magnification)

resolving power

the light-gathering ability of a microscope objective

upside down

reversed

the image under a microscope is ? and ?

numerical aperture (NA)

the light gathering ability of a microscope objective is quantitatively expressed in terms of the ?

a measure of the number of highly diffracted image-forming light rays that are captured by the objective

framework

base - arm - stage

illumination systems

brightfield - phase - polarized

magnification system

ocular - objectives

focusing system

coarse and fine adjustment

illumination system

light source and intensity control

condenser aperture iris diaphragm

field diaphragm

magnification system

ocular (eyepiece)

objective

• low power (4x)

• high power (10x)

• oil immersion (100x)

focusing system (depth of field and depth of focus)

dimmer

with higher magnification (100x), an object will appear ? in smaller fields of view

depth of focus

how much an image is in focus (image plane space)

depth of field

how much an object is in focus (object plane space)

alignment

to the light source

light adjustment

light source - condenser - diaphragm

focusing

interpupillary distance

use of microscope

uses:

alignment

light adjustment focusing

working distance

limited field of view

depth of focus

at high magnification, objectives have ? but a large ?

large field of view

shallow depth of focus

at low magnifications, objectives have a ? but a ?

depth of field

specimen thickness in focus

how much of a specimen (front to back) appears sharp at the same time

“how thick of the sample can I see clearly all at once?”

small depth of field

if only one thin layer is sharp

large depth of field

if many layers are sharp together

large depth of field

low magnification —> ?

small depth of field

high magnification —> ?

depth of focus

tolerance of the focus knob

how much you can move the focus knob (stage/objective distance) before the image goes out of focus

“how much can I turn the fine focus knob and still keep the image sharp?”

small depth of focus

if tiny knob movements blur image

large depth of focus

if you can move the knob a bit and image stays clear

very small depth of focus

high magnification —> ?

larger depth of focus

low magnification —> ?

artificial neutral networks

an information processing model that stimulates the way a human brain processes information (AI)