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Why hold inventory?
Uncertainty
Avoid stockouts
Cost efficiency
Stabilize production
Types of inventory:
Cycle stock → normal demand
Safety stock → buffer
Seasonal stock
In-transit stock
Obsolete stock
Average Stock formula
AS = Q / 2
EOQ formula
EOQ = √((2 × C × R) / (P × F))
Forecast Error
Error = |Actual − Forecast| / Actual
Forecast Accuracy:
FA = 1 − Error
Safety Stock concept
Depends on:
Demand variability
Lead time
Service level
👉 More uncertainty = more stock
DEMAND TYPES Based on frequency:
Fast moving
Slow moving
demand types Based on pattern:
Stable
Trend
Seasonal
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Launch
Growth
Mature
Decline
Withdrawal
PARETO (80/20 RULE)
20% items = 80% value
Categories:
A → high priority
B → medium
C → low priority
FORECASTING Types
Qualitative (judgment)
Quantitative (data)
SUPPLY PLANNING systems
Continuous review (reorder point)
Periodic review (fixed time)
S&OP
Aligns:
Sales
Operations
Finance
Goal:
👉 One unified plan