Khan academy unit 15

Upward Mobility

The ability of an individual to move to a higher social class.

Downward Mobility

The ability of an individual to move to a lower social class.

Social Class

A division of society based on social and economic status, typically categorized as lower, middle, and upper class.

Horizontal Movement

Moving within the same social class without changing status.

Vertical Movement

Moving up or down between different social classes.

Caste System

A social structure with limited mobility, where social position is largely determined by family or ethnic background.

Class System

A social structure that allows for mobility based on individual abilities and circumstances.

Meritocracy

A system where social standing is based solely on individual achievements, allowing for extreme social mobility.

Intragenerational Mobility

Changes in an individual's social position within their lifetime.

Intergenerational Mobility

Changes in social position across generations within a family.

Absolute Poverty

A condition where income is so low that it threatens survival, defined by a specific poverty line.

Relative Poverty

A condition where income is below the median level, affecting an individual's ability to participate fully in society.

Social Reproduction

The phenomenon where social inequality persists across generations, with rich families remaining rich and poor families remaining poor.

Social Exclusion

The process by which individuals or groups are marginalized and pushed away from societal resources and opportunities.

Segregation

The separation of different groups within society, often leading to unequal access to resources.

Social Isolation

A community's separation from mainstream society, often leading to a lack of resources and opportunities.

Environmental Justice

The fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens across different social groups.

Residential Segregation

The separation of groups into different neighborhoods, affecting access to resources and opportunities.

Global Inequality

Disparities in wealth and resources between countries, impacting life expectancy and healthcare access.

Intersectionality

The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, leading to overlapping systems of discrimination.

Class Consciousness

Awareness of one's social class and the struggles associated with it, leading to solidarity among workers.

False Consciousness

A state where workers are unaware of their oppression and exploitation by those in power.

Social Disorganization

The impact of residential location on the likelihood of engaging in illegal activities.

Alienation of Labor

A condition where workers feel disconnected from the products of their labor, as described by Karl Marx.

Symbolic Interactionism

A sociological perspective focusing on the meanings and symbols created through social interactions.

Social Constructivism

The theory that knowledge and learning are developed through social interactions.

Functionalism

A sociological perspective that views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together.

Social Stratification Theory

The organization of society into different social classes based on various factors.

The Superstructure

The cultural, ideological, and normative frameworks that shape society.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, particularly in the context of Marxist theory.

Culture of Poverty

The idea that poor individuals develop distinct values and behaviors as a response to their socioeconomic status.