English final

dependent clause

cannot stand alone as a sentence

independent clause

can stand alone as a sentence

compound sentence

combines two or more independent clauses with fanboys

complex sentence

combines an independent clause with atleast one dependent clause

simple sentence

a sentence containing only one clause

coordinating conjunctions, fanboys

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

adverbial conjunctions

however, therefore, moreover, etc.

subordinating conjunctions

when, until, before, as

appositives

renaming a noun

participles

ends in -ed -ing -en

participial phrases

acts as an adjective, ends in -ed -ing -en

prepositional

anything one can do to a box: in, on, near, into, through

active voice

emphasizes the subject

passive voice

emphasizes the action

linear

events are chronological

nonlinear

events are not chronological

circular

the story concludes in the same place it began

fractured

does not follow chronological order

framed

a story within a story

round character

a well developed character with many traits, often complicated, protagonist

flat character

a character with only one or two traits, often the antagonist

static character

a character remains the same throughout the story

foil character

characters with opposite traits of the protagonist will “illuminate” the protagonist. highlights strengths and weaknesses

protagonist

the main character

antagonist

rival of protagonist

internal conflict

man vs self

external conflict

man vs nature

symbol

anything that means something more

motif

a recurring symbol that appears throughout a story and reinforces its central theme

exposition

introduce the setting, characters, mood, conflict

inciting incident

something happens to begin the action

rising action

the story builds

climax

the point of greatest tension

falling action

events that happen as a result of the climax

resolution

the character solves the problem/conflict

denounment

french term meaning “the ending”

situational irony

the opposite of what one expects happens

dramatic irony

the reader knows more than the speaker

characterization

the development and construction of a character

diction

authors word choice

theme

the main idea or message an author conveys in a story

anaphora

repetition of a word or phrase

imagery

detailed language that appeals to the senses

visual imagery

sight

auditory imagery

sound

olfactory imagery

smell

gustatory imagery

taste

tactile imagery

touch

organic imagery

feel internally

in medias res

a story begins in the middle of the action, rather than at the beginning

invocation of the muse

poets would have recited their epic to an audience, and these recitations formally began by calling for a blessing from a god or gods to inspire and assist the poets efforts

stock epithets

an adjective or descriptive phrase that expresses a quality or characteristic of the person or thing mentioned

epic simile

comparison using like or as, long

epic hero

better than others in some demonstrable way, performs extraordinary, travels to the underworld, etc.

hubris

excessive pride that often leads to a characters destruction

xenia

the law/custom of offering protection and hospitality to strangers

kleos

what others hear about you, earned through good deeds

nostos

an epic hero returning home by sea

chorus

a group of actors/characters who summarize the plot and comment on the action for the audience

prologue

serves as a exposition introducing material before the first scene begins

monologue

a long, uninterrupted speech made by one character

soliloquy

long uninterrupted speech alone on stage: reveals private thoughts, feelings

oxymoron

a contradiction that is nevertheless true

metaphor

implied comparison

simile

a comparison using like or as

personification

giving an inanimate object human qualities

hyperbole

extreme exaggeration

rhyme scheme

a set pattern of end rhyme

end rhyme

rhyme that occurs at the end of lines as opposed to rhyming words within a line

rhyming couplet

two consecutive lines of end rhyme usually joins a thought or idea and brings a scene, soliloquy, sonnet, or act to a close

alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound

meter

a pattern stressed and unstressed syllables that create a rythm

iambic pentameter

five feet of unstressed followed by stressed syllables

tragic hero

Has the tragic flaw that leads to his downfall

Hamartia

The tragic, flaw or error that reverses a protagonist fortune from good to bad

Odysseus

King of Ithaca, husband of Penelope and father of Telemachus. Fought in the Trojan war

Penelope

Odysseus’s wife, telemachus’s mother.

Telemachus

Odysseus’s son who fought against the suitors

Laertes

Odysseus‘s father

Eurycleia

Odysseus’s loyal nurse and the first person to recognize Odysseus in his disguise

antinous

The first suitor to die in the battle, rude and selfish

eurylochus

A member of Odysseus’s crew who often disobeyed him

Eumaeus

odysseus’s swineherd

melanthius

goatherd that was disrespectful to Odysseus while he was disguised as a beggar

King alcinous

ruler of the phaeacians

Queen arete

The wife of king alcinous And the ruler of The phaeacians

anticlea

Odysseus’s mother that died from grief and longing for him. She appeared to Odysseus in the underworld

scylla

A sea monster that ate 12 of Odysseus’s men

charybdis

A whirlpool sea monster

circe

Goddess that turned Odysseus’s men into pigs with poison, Odysseus stayed with her for a year

Calypso

a nymph That held Odysseus captive for seven years. Lives on the island of Ogygia

Polyphemus

A powerful cyclops, son of Poseidon, Imprisoned Odysseus and his men

Athena

The goddess of wisdom that protected and guided Odysseus and telemachus

Poseidon

Antagonist that works against Odysseus Because he blinded his son

Zeus

The king of the gods

Ithaca

Odysseus’s home and the destination of his long journey

ogygia

The remote island of the nymph calypso

Lotus eaters

Offered the fruits to Odysseus and his men, caused them to forget their home and desires

ciccones

odysseus and his men raided their city, killed most of their men, took their woman as slaves, and looted their town. They attacked Odysseus and his men causing six men from each of their ships to die

underworld

The realm of the dead ruled by Hades