test on observations, experiments, self‑report, case studies, correlations, plus design decisions, strengths/weaknesses, ethics, sampling, reliability, validity
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24 Terms
what does overt mean
pts knows they are being observed
what are the advantages of an overt observation
no ethical issues breached
what are the disadvantages of an overt observation
the hawthorne effect
what is a covert observation
pts are unaware they are being observed
what are the advantages of a covert observation
high ecological validity
what are the disadvantages of a covert observation
ethical issues (however could argue in normal life people assume people do watch them
what is a participant observation
the observer takes an active role in what is being observed
what are the advantages of participant observations
high ecological validity
what are the disadvantages of participant observations
hard to record observations if you are participating
what is a non participant observation
researcher observes from a distance
what are advantages of a non participant observation
observations are made as they happen - more reliability
lack of contact means observer can remain objective
what are the disadvantages of participant observations
prone to individual bias
what is a naturalistic observation
observation that takes place in its normal environment
what is a controlled observation
the researcher manipulates the environment
what are the advantages of observations in general
high ecological validity
useful when a self report is impossible
rich qualitative data
what are the weaknesses of observations in general
observer bias
low control - hard to establish cause and effect
ethical issues
what needs to be considered when designing an observation
behavioural categories need to be operationalised
use inter-observer reliability
decide on time sampling vs event sampling
name the 4 types of experiments
laboratory
field
natural
quasi
attributes of a lab experiment
high control, low ecological validity
attributes of a field experiment
natural setting, still manipulates IV
attributes of a natural experiment
IV occurs naturally
attributes of a quasi experiment
IV is a characteristic