AP Bio Unit 8

Example of Behavioral response to enviornmental changes

Some birds respond to changes in day length by migrating

Example of physiological responses to environmental changes

animals might respond to changes in day length by slowing their matabilizm to conserve energy

What are autible signals

Signals used to send warnings or to attract mates

What are chemical signals

Pheromones are chemical signals released by some pants and animals to ilict a response in other animals like scaring off predeters, initiate mating, or warning neibores of near predators (plants)

What are electrical signals

Sharks and rays send electircal signals throught the water to locate prey

What are tactile signals

touching between primates can be used as affection or dominance. Some plant curl up the delicate parts of their body to shield them from touch

What are visual signals

Some special used warning coloration, a form of aposematism, to scare of predators.

What does signalling ultimitly do for organisms

help them find mates, determine social heirarchies, and find needed resourses

What are coopertive behaviors

leads to increases fitness of individuals and populations

What are endotherms

use thermal energy generated from their metabolism to maintain their body temp. Mamals and birds.

What are ectotherms

obtain heat from their environment. They must change their behaviors to regulate their body temp.

What is metabolic rate

the total amount of energy an organism uses per unit of time

Differences of size and motabolic rates

Smaller organism have a higher metabolic rate than larger organisms

as size increases, mabolic rate decreases

Why do smaller animals need a higher motabolic rate

smaller organisms have a greater surface area to volume ratio and therefore lose more heat to their envornment

smaller animals need higher metabolic rartes to compensate for this loss of heat

How is energy moved

Producers-herbdevores-carnivors and omdivorse

Producers-primary consumer-sevondary consumer-tertiary consumer

What to food chains show

the transfer of evergy between trophic levels

What do food webs show

the interconnection between organisms in different food chains

provide more complete representation of energy transfers in ecosystems

What are photoautotrophs

get energy from sunlight

plants

What are Chemoautotrophs

obtain energy from small inorganic molecules in the enviornment

bactira

What are autotrophs

producers get energy from physical or chemical sources inn their envirnment

What are heterotrophs

get energy from carbon compounds made by other organisms

carbs, lipids, or protiens

what are decomposers

break down dead organic material, alowing nuitreints in dead organisms to be recycles though ecosystems

what are detritivores

organisms that obtain energy by consuming the organic waste of dead plants and animals

earthworms

How is everygy lost as it moves between trophic levels

heat or consumed by the neccesary metabolic processes that organism in that trophic level use

Whaty is bottom up regulation of ecosystems

if the population size of producers decreased, there will not be sufficent food or energy for the remaining trophic levels

food web may collapse

What is top down regulation

if top predetors are removed from ecosystem, the population of other trophic levels may exceed the producers ability to produce enough food to support them

food web may collapse

If organisms live in unstable environments (less access to energy contaning compounds) they produce ___ numbers of offspring at a time bc___

large numbers because the survival rate of the offspring is lower, the more offspring produced the greater the probability of at least one of their offspring passing on alleles

Organisms that live in more stable environments with greater access to energy containing compounds will produce ___ number of offspring because ___

smaller number because the likelihood of survival of their offspring is higher, not as many offspring need to be produced to ensure their alleles are passed on to the next generation

What get effected based on how organisms get the energy and matter they need to survive

affects their population size

if the birth rate exceeds the death rate in a population, the population size will ___

increase

if the birth rate is less than the death rate in a population the population size will ___

decrease

What makes a population experience expodential growth

no limitingg factors on the growth rate

abondence of food and habitat, no predetors

The larger the population size, the ___ the growth rate and the __ the population will grow

the higher the growth rate and the faster the population will grow

What are the factors that limit the growth of populations

density dependent factors

density independent factors

what are density dependent factors

disiase

predation

competition

what are density independent factors

tempeture

precipitation

natural disasters

What makes a population have logistic growth rate

density dependent and independent limitations

What is carrying capasity (k)

the maximum population that can be supported by the available resources in the envirnment

Bigger population sizes (n gets closer to k) the rate of growth in the population ___

decreases

smaller population sizes that are far below the carrying capacity will experince ___ growth rates

higher growth rates

What are K-selected populations (5 things)

populations that possess stable population sizes at or near k of their eniornment

repoduce more than once per lifetime, with few offspring per reproductive cycle

greater levels of parental care which means higher levels of survical rates in their offspring

experince logistic growth

sensitive to density dependent factors

mammels and birds

What are r-selected reprodiuctove statigies (6 things)

reprodiuce at younger age

reproduce only once in their lifetime

each cycle produces large numbers of offspring

little to no parental care which means low survival rates of offspring

have peroids of expidental growth, but then exceed k by a lot which is followed by a rapid decrease in population size

not sensitive to population densities

fish

What is species composition

the number of species that live in an area

What is Species diversity

reflects the number of species in an area and the number of members of each of those species in the area

gives more accurate assesmesnt of the variety of organisms found in the area

The higher Simpson’s diversity index, the ___ diverse the commuity

more diverse the commity