FInal Exam - Anatomy I

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?

It is considered the cause of most diseases.

Which of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things?

Cells are the simplest structure to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive.

When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a ________.

positive feedback.

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called _______ anatomy.

Gross

Cytology would be best defined as a study of ________.

cells.

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________.

organ.

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________.

glycogen.

The four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are ________.

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen.

What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?

There are 6 carbon 12 hydrogen and 6 oxygen atoms.

Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?

HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O.

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate?

time.

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?

CH4.

Which type of proteins can function as chemical messengers or as receptors in the plasma membrane?

communication.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?

Messenger RNA transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

Produces ATP aerobically.

Mitochondria.

Packages proteins for insertion in the cell membrane or for exocytosis.

Golgi apparatus.

Mitosis ________.

Is division of the genetic material within the nucleus.

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.

swell and burst.

A gene can best be defined as .

A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain.

(swelling) occurs when areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an area of tissue that is inflamed.

Edema.

The fiber type that gives connective tissue least tensile strength is ________ fiber.

elastic.

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.

inflammation.

The reason that tendon or ligaments exhibit a large amount of tensile strength is because they possess ________ fibers.

collagen.

What is the most common type of cell found in hyaline cartilage?

chondrocytes.

Which of the following is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone?

blood vessels.

Which layer of tissue is damaged in a first-degree burn?

epidermis.

The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?

Increased oily appearance and more acne.

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.

overexposure to UV radiation.

The friction ridges seen in finger palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?

That friction ridges are genetically determined.

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells each layer with a distinct role to play in the health well-being and functioning of the skin. Which layer or layers is/are responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale.

Name the skin sensory receptor for touch.

tactile corpuscle.

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier) the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.

giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask.

A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become overheated. The best explanation for this is ________.

the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin.

A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized ________.

nerve cell.

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the

diaphysis

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. ________ cells accomplish this process?

osteoclast.

Curvatures of the spine serve the body by ________.

giving additional springiness and flexibility to the spine which absorbs shock.

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.

calcium and vitamin D.

The bones in the skull have many different names but what are the boundaries of each bone? Where do they start and stop?

Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures.

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

osteoblast.

The epiphyseal line allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood

false.

The hyoid bone is unique because it is the only bone

not formed by the fusion of right and left halves.

The pelvic girdle includes the ilium ischium and sacrum.

false.

The sphenoid bone is sometimes referred to as a keystone of the skull. This is due to the fact that ________.

the sphenoid is in the center of the skull and it articulates (joins) with all of the other bones of the skull (excluding the mandible).

Thyroid hormone is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

false.

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

hyaline cartilage.

Which of the following can be considered a function of the paranasal sinuses?

Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones.

Which vertebra does NOT have a body?

atlas.

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

fat.

Which of the following surrounds an individual muscle cell?

endomysium.

Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?

smooth.

When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily it is in

refractory period

The contractile units of skeletal muscles are

sacromeres

The ability of muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated is known

contractility

Sarcomeres are functional units of

skeletal muscle

Rigor mortis occurs because ________.

No ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules.

Muscle tone is ________.

A state of sustained partial contraction.

Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors.

latent.

Ependymal cells in the CNS

produce jelly like fluid and circulate the fluid around the brain and spinal cord.

Like all cells the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many mitochondria an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following EXCEPT ________.

neurons have stable relatively unchanging internal environments.

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

sensory.

Neurons are _____ and have ______ metabolic rate

amitotic, exceptionally high

Saltatory conduction is made possible by the

myelin sheath.

Some nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate after damage has occurred. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?

schwann cells.

The central nervous system uses the origin of the stimulus to determine the strength of a stimulus.

false.

The term central nervous system refers to the

brain and spinal cord.

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

analyze sensory information, store information, make decisions.

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the pons.

false.

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the

parietal lobe

The diencephalon includes the

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

The brain stem consists of the cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla.

false.

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the

reticular formation.

The blood-brain barrier is effective against nutrients such as glucose and some alcohol.

false.

Broca's area is considered a somatosensory speech area.

false.

A patient has an injury of the spine and is now suffering from a loss of motor function in his right arm. However he still has normal sensory function in the arm. Based on this information it is likely that the patient has nervous tissue damage located

at the ventral root of the cervical spinal cord

A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. This patient may have damage to which of the following?

olfactory nerve.

If someone spills very hot coffee (200°F) on their skin they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?

nociceptors.

In a crossed-extensor reflex if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would ________.

extend.

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.

afferent nerves.

Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?

median.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells?

They are unipolar neurons.

The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the parietal nerves.

false.

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of parasympathetic innervation.

false.

The only special sense NOT fully functional at birth is the sense of ________.

vision.

The ability to clearly see objects at a distance but not close up is properly called ________.

hyperopia.

Receptors for hearing are located in the vestibule and for balancing in the cochlea.

false.

Preparing the body for the “fight-or-flight” response is the role of the cerebrum.

false.

Overlap in the visual fields of our eyes is essentially a waste of brain processing for what is essentially the same image.

false.

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from

cranial nerve X (vagus) nerve.

One of the following is not one of the factors that affect conduction of nerve impulses.

axon position.

Control of temperature endocrine activity and thirst are functions associated with the ________.

hypothalamus.

A mugger steals your wallet causing all of the following to happen EXCEPT ________.

increased glucose uptake to the liver from blood.

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

hormones.

Leptin is secreted by ________.

fat cells.

In a child who is color blind what would you most expect to see

the absence of red or green cones in the foveae

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk let down by the breasts?

prolactin.

Taste buds are NOT found

in filiform papillae.

Diabetes mellitus results from

insulin lack.