AP Euro Unit 6 Key Concepts: Revolutions, Ideologies, and Industrial Changes

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Socialism

An economic and political system where the means of production are owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Free Trade

International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

Tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods and services to protect domestic industries and generate revenue.

Emancipation Edict of 1861

A decree issued by Tsar Alexander II that abolished serfdom in Russia.

Second Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth and technological innovation from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, characterized by advancements in steel production, electricity, and chemical processes.

Manchester Capitalism

A term describing the economic practices and philosophies associated with the industrial city of Manchester, emphasizing free trade and minimal government intervention.

Protectionism

An economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through tariffs and other regulations to protect domestic industries.

Most Favored Nation

A status granted by one nation to another in international trade, ensuring that the recipient country receives the best trade terms available.

National System

An economic theory that emphasizes the importance of a nation's economic independence and the role of government in promoting national interests.

Friedrich List

A German economist known for his advocacy of protectionist policies and the development of national economies.

Peterloo Massacre

A violent event in 1819 where cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000 at a pro-democracy rally in St. Peter's Field, Manchester, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and interests, often advocating for better wages, working conditions, and hours.

Fraternal Organizations

Groups formed for mutual benefit, often characterized by a shared interest or profession, providing social and economic support to members.

Factory Act of 1833

A British law that improved conditions for children working in factories, including limiting working hours and requiring factory inspections.

Mines Act of 1842

A law that prohibited the employment of women and children underground in coal mines in Britain.

Conservatism

A political philosophy that promotes retaining traditional institutions and values, often resisting change and advocating for stability.

Limited Monarchy

A form of government in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government.

Congress of Vienna

A conference held in 1814-1815 to restore order and balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

Concert of Europe

A system of dispute resolution between the major European powers to maintain the balance of power and prevent revolutions.

Klemens von Metternich

An Austrian diplomat and statesman who was a key figure at the Congress of Vienna and a proponent of conservatism.

Ottoman Empire

A historical empire that spanned Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, lasting from the late 13th century until the early 20th century.

Decembrists

A group of Russian army officers who led a failed uprising against Tsar Nicholas I in December 1825, advocating for constitutional reform.

July Revolution

A revolution in France in 1830 that resulted in the overthrow of King Charles X and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

Revolutions of 1848

A series of political upheavals across Europe, driven by demands for national independence, social reforms, and democratic governance.

Napoleon III

The first President of France and later Emperor, who ruled from 1852 to 1870, known for his authoritarian regime and modernization efforts.

Alexander II

The Emperor of Russia from 1855 to 1881, known for his reforms, including the emancipation of serfs.

Alexander III

The Emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, known for his conservative policies and repression of dissent.

Sergei Witte

A Russian statesman and finance minister who played a significant role in modernizing the Russian economy in the late 19th century.

Duma

The legislative assembly in the late Imperial Russia, established after the 1905 Revolution, which had limited powers.

Liberalism

A political ideology advocating for individual freedoms, civil rights, and democratic governance.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the authority of a government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.

Utilitarianism

An ethical theory that advocates for actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people.

Marxism

A socio-economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless society.

Syndicalism

A radical political movement that seeks to transfer the ownership and control of the means of production to workers' unions.

Social Liberty

The freedom of individuals to act according to their own will, as long as their actions do not harm others.

Chartism

A working-class movement in Britain during the 1830s and 1840s that aimed for political reforms, including universal male suffrage.

Labour Party

A political party in the UK that represents the interests of the working class and advocates for social justice and workers' rights.

Paris Commune

A radical socialist government that briefly ruled Paris from March to May 1871, following the Franco-Prussian War.

Social Democratic Party

A political party that advocates for social democracy, promoting political and economic reforms to achieve social justice.

Temperance Movement

A social movement aimed at reducing or prohibiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Sunday School Movement

A movement that began in the early 19th century to provide religious education to children on Sundays.

Interventionist

Referring to a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries, often for political or economic reasons.

Urban Redesign

The process of planning and modifying urban spaces to improve their functionality, aesthetics, and livability.

Edwin Chadwick

A British social reformer known for his work on public health and sanitation in the 19th century.

Georges Haussmann

A French civic planner known for his renovation of Paris in the mid-19th century, which included wide boulevards and improved infrastructure.