KEY NOTES(GLOBAL FINAL REVIEW)

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Last updated 10:10 PM on 5/30/26
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90 Terms

1
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What are the six characteristics of civilization?
Cities, government, social classes, job specialization, writing, religion/public works.
2
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Where was Mesopotamia located?
Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
3
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Which writing system was developed by the Sumerians?
Cuneiform.
4
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What river was essential to Ancient Egypt?
The Nile River.
5
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Who ruled Ancient Egypt?
Pharaohs.
6
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What writing system did Egyptians use?
Hieroglyphics.
7
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What were the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization?
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
8
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What was the Mandate of Heaven?
The belief that rulers received authority from heaven and could lose it if they ruled poorly.
9
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Which Greek city-state developed democracy?
Athens.
10
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What form of government existed before the Roman Empire?
The Roman Republic.
11
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Which emperor spread Buddhism throughout India?
Ashoka.
12
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What was the Gupta Empire known for?
A Golden Age of learning, science, and mathematics.
13
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Which Chinese dynasty used civil service exams?
Han Dynasty.
14
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What trade route connected Europe and Asia?
The Silk Road.
15
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What are Karma and Dharma associated with?
Hinduism.
16
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Who founded Buddhism?
Siddhartha Gautama.
17
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What are the Four Noble Truths about?
The causes of suffering and how to overcome it.
18
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What holy book is used in Judaism?
The Torah.
19
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Who is the central figure of Christianity?
Jesus.
20
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What is the holy book of Islam?
The Quran.
21
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What are the Five Pillars?
The basic duties of Muslims.
22
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Who founded Confucianism?
Confucius.
23
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What is the main goal of Confucianism?
Social order and proper behavior.
24
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What were the three major trade networks?
Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade, and Trans-Saharan Trade.
25
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What goods were traded across the Sahara?
Gold and salt.
26
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What empire was the eastern half of Rome?
The Byzantine Empire.
27
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Who created the largest contiguous land empire?
The Mongols.
28
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What city did the Ottomans capture in 1453?
Constantinople.
29
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Who captured Constantinople?
Mehmed II.
30
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Which dynasty restored Chinese rule after the Mongols?
The Ming Dynasty.
31
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Who led China's treasure voyages?
Zheng He.
32
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Which civilization developed advanced astronomy and calendars?
The Maya.
33
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What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?
Tenochtitlán.
34
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Which civilization built Machu Picchu?
The Inca.
35
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What was a major achievement of the Inca?
Roads and terrace farming.
36
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Who were skilled navigators of the Pacific?
Polynesians.
37
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What is feudalism?
A system based on land ownership and loyalty.
38
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What is a fief?
Land granted in exchange for service.
39
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What is a vassal?
Someone who receives land and serves a lord.
40
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What is manorialism?
The economic system of feudal Europe.
41
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What were serfs?
Peasants tied to the land.
42
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What was the most powerful institution in medieval Europe?
The Catholic Church.
43
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What were the Crusades?
Religious wars over the Holy Land.
44
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What was the Magna Carta?
A document limiting the king's power.
45
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What was the Black Death?
A deadly plague that killed millions.
46
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What effect did the Black Death have on feudalism?
It weakened feudalism.
47
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Who held real power in feudal Japan?
The Shogun.
48
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What was the role of the Emperor in feudal Japan?
A symbolic ruler with little political power.
49
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Who were the daimyo?
Powerful landowners in feudal Japan.
50
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Who were the samurai?
The warrior class of feudal Japan.
51
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What was Bushido?
The samurai code of honor and conduct.
52
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What two religions influenced Japan?
Shinto and Buddhism.
53
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What does Renaissance mean?
Rebirth.
54
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Where did the Renaissance begin?
Florence, Italy.
55
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What is Humanism?
A focus on human potential and achievement.
56
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Who painted the Mona Lisa?
Leonardo da Vinci.
57
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Who painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling?
Michelangelo.
58
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Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg.
59
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Who started the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther.
60
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What document did Martin Luther write?
The 95 Theses.
61
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What was the main complaint against the Catholic Church during the Reformation?
Corruption and the sale of indulgences.
62
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What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church's response to Protestantism.
63
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Who proposed the heliocentric theory?
Copernicus.
64
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Who improved the telescope and supported heliocentrism?
Galileo.
65
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Who developed the laws of motion and gravity?
Isaac Newton.
66
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What are natural rights?
Rights all people are born with.
67
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Who believed in natural rights?
John Locke.
68
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Who developed the idea of separation of powers?
Montesquieu.
69
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Who believed government should reflect the will of the people?
Rousseau.
70
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What were the main causes of the French Revolution?
Inequality, debt, and Enlightenment ideas.
71
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What government was overthrown during the French Revolution?
The monarchy.
72
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What idea grew stronger after the French Revolution?
Nationalism.
73
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What are the 3 Gs of Exploration?
Gold, God, and Glory.
74
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Who reached the Americas in 1492?
Christopher Columbus.
75
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Who found a sea route to India around Africa?
Vasco da Gama.
76
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Whose expedition first circumnavigated the globe?
Ferdinand Magellan.
77
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What was the Columbian Exchange?
The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds.
78
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Name three crops that came from the Americas.
Corn, potatoes, tomatoes.
79
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Name three things brought to the Americas.
Horses, cattle, diseases.
80
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What were the social classes in feudal Europe?
King, lords, knights, serfs.
81
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What were the social classes in feudal Japan?
Emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, peasants, merchants.
82
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What was Chivalry?
The code of conduct followed by knights.
83
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What was the purpose of the Crusades?
To regain control of the Holy Land.
84
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What were the effects of the Crusades?
Increased trade, cultural diffusion, and weakened feudalism.
85
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What was the purpose of civil service exams in China?
To select government officials based on merit.
86
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What was the main purpose of the Silk Road?
Trade and cultural exchange between Asia, Europe, and Africa.
87
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What were the main goals of the Renaissance?
Revival of classical learning, art, science, and humanism.
88
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What were the main ideas of the Enlightenment?
Natural rights, reason, liberty, and limited government.
89
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What was the significance of the Magna Carta?
It established that the king was subject to the law.
90
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What was the significance of the Black Death?
It reduced Europe's population and weakened feudalism.