Chapter 28 Music Theory

The scores for George Crumb's Makrokosmos and Krzysztof Penderecki's Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima are examples of _________ _________, a notational style that uses nontraditional symbols to represent musical information.

Graphic Notation

John Cage composed works for _________ __________ that involved the placement of various objects and/or materials on the strings of the piano at precisely specified locations.

Prepared Piano

The system of tuning in which the intervals are represented using whole-number ratios is called _________ __________

Just Intonation

The interval that divides the octave into 24 equal parts is called the _________ _________

Quarter Tone

Makrokosmos, Volume (1972)

George Crumb

Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima (1960)

Krzysztof Penderecki

In C (1960)

Terry Riley

Notjustmoreidlechatter (1988)

Paul Lanksy

Einstein on the Beach (1975)

Philip Glass

Studie II (1954)

Karlheinz Stockhausen

Synchronisms No. 6 (1970)

Mario Davidovsky

4'33" (1952)

John Cage

Steve Reich, Come Out (1966)

Tape Loop

John Cage, Imaginary Landscapre No. 4 (1951)

Experimented Music

Arnold Schoenberg, Pierrot Lunaire (1912)

Sprechstimme

Gyorgy Ligeti, Atmospheres (1961)

micropolyphony

Igor Stavinsky, L'Histoire da Soldat (1918)

Theatre Music

Edgard Varese, Poeme Electonique (1918)

Spatially Conceived Composition

Morton Subotnick, The Wild Bull (1968)

Modular Analog Synthesizer

Pierre Boulez, Repons (1981)

Real Time Interaction

Tod Machover, Brain Opera (1996)

Hyperinstrument

Steve Reich Piano Phase (1967)

Process Music

_________ _________ is a notational style that indicates approximate durations through the spacing of events and timings.

Proportional Notation

Compositions created out of sound masses distinguished not by pitch but by timbre, rhythm, density, register, and so forth are called _________ - _________ _________

Sound Mass Composition

György Ligeti used the term _________ to describe the canonic relationships between the voices in the complex, clusterlike surfaces of his early orchestral works.

Micropolyphony

The extended vocal technique associated with Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire is called _________, a cross between singing and dramatic declamation.

Sprechstimme

Gunther Schuller led a movement called _________ - _________ which blended elements of jazz and serious contemporary music.

Third Stream

_________ or _________ refers to music in which elements of a composition have intentionally been left undetermined by the composer.

Indeterminacy or Aleatory

In Music of Changes (1951) for solo piano, John Cage used _________ _________ derived from the I Ching, the ancient Chinese Book of Changes, to determine the work's pitches, durations, dynamics, and so forth.

Chance Procedures

John Cage helped _________ _________ to initiate the tradition with works such as Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (1951) for 12 radios and 4'33" (1952).

Experimental Music

The term _________ refers to a style that seems to have evolved out of the music of John Cage and Morton Feldman and is characterized by a return to tonal elements and diatonicism, as well as the use of restricted pitch materials, static harmony, and rhythmic elements inspired by Eastern music.

minimalism

The concept of _________ is a compositional process associated with the music of Steve Reich in which two identical copies of a musical pattern are allowed to drift out of phase with one another. The rich surface texture that results is essentially the product of unforeseen __________ _________ that are created by the constantly shifting rela tionship between the parts

Phasing

Examples of early electronic instruments include the _________, _________ _________, and _________.

Telharmonium, Ondes Martenot, and Theremin

Music that exists primarily in the medium of magnetic tape is called _________ _________.

Tape Music

Pierre Schaeffer's approach to electronic music in which he worked directly with recorded sounds, organizing them into musical structures without the use of traditional notation, is called _________ _________.

Musique Concrete

The _________ _________ _________ spans ca. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Audible Frequency Spectrum

An _________ _________ gives musical shape to an oscillator's static tone by imparting an attack, decay, sustain, and release phase to the tone's overall loudness profile

Amplitude Envelope

The introduction _________ _________ _________ of in the 1960s, marketed under trade names of Moog, Buchla, and ARP, offered a wide palette of new electronic sounds

Modular Analog Synthesizers

Released in 1983, the Yamaha DX-7 was one of the first commercially successful _________. It was based on an _________ _________ discovered by John Chowning at Stanford in the late 1960s.

Samplers. FM Synthesis

A software application that stores sequences of MIDI data is called a _________.

Sequencer

Iannis Xenakis is perhaps best known for his _________ _________, in which the musical parameters such as pitch, intensity, and duration are determined by the laws of probability theory.

Stochastic Music

Tod Machover coined the term _________ to refer to his use of computers to augment musical expression and creativity.

Hyperinstrument

The underlying tonal basis of many of Paul Lansky's computer-generated compositions has caused some to describe these complex works as a form of _________, a term used to refer to music that seems to have its roots in the minimalist traditions of the 1960s and 1970s.

Postminimalism

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