Semen

Semen collection

required…

• 1st portion: Sperm count, pH, liquefaction

• 2nd portion: Facilitates transport and protection

Sexual Abstinence性禁欲: 2-7 days

• Extended abstinence长期戒断 cause

  • Elevated specimen volume

  • Decreased motility

1.5 - 6 mL in a sterile, wide-mouthed container

if collect at home, must deliver to lab within

1 hour at body temp

Composition of Normal Sperm

Reproductive cells:

• Spermatozoa 5%

Fluid:

• Seminal fluid精囊液 60% to 70%

• Prostate fluid前列腺液 20% to 30%

• Bulbourethral glands尿道球腺液 5%

Double Head sperm

may be due to exposure to toxic chemicals

Giant Head sperm

Excess genetic material

Inheritec

Amorphous Head sperm

Irregularly shaped

Uneven distribution of genetic material

Pinhead sperm

Contains no paternal DNA

Tapered sperm

Cigar-shaped

Exposure to high temperature / Daily hot sauna

Contain abnormal DNA material

Constricted Head Sperm

Narrow headed sperm

Rarely seen

Coiled Tail sperm

Exposed to:

- Incorrect seminal fluid

- Presence of bacteria

Sperm cannot swim

Smoking

Spermatid

sperm with no tail

Undifferentiated haploid male gametes

Spermatogenesis

Maturation of sperm cells

takes about 90 days

occurs at Seminiferous tubules曲精小管

Sertoli cells provide support and nutrients for the germs cells

Procedures:

1. Germ cell undergoes mitotic and 2x meiotic division to create spermatids

2. acrosome develops from the Golgi apparatus

3. Nucleus condenses

4. tail develops from the centriole

5. Mitochondria surrounds midpiece

6. Excess cytoplasm is shed

7. Transferred to epididymis where it stores spermatozoa and allow them to acquire motility

8. mature into sperm

9. In female reproductive tract, they use their “whiplash motility” to reach eggs

   1. cervical mucosa → uterus → fallopian tube → ovum

10. Capacitation: Proteins and cholesterol are removed from the sperm membrane so sperm become capable of recognizing and penetrating the egg

11. Acrosome reaction: Secretion of proteolytic enzymes that facilitates the penetration by the spermatozoa of the oocyte

Motility Analysis