CBLG605 - Other Course Materials

Question 1: [Straightforward | MCQ] The conceptual foundations reading organizes STI policy literature into three streams: ideas/paradigms/discourses, power/democracy, and: Options: A) innovation economy and society B) military spending C) private banking D) electoral campaigns

Answer: A. Explanation: These three streams structure the book’s analytical framework.

Question 2: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] Science policy in Canada became an overt policy field in the mid-to-late ________. Options: A) 1960s B) 1920s C) 1990s D) 2010s

Answer: A) 1960s. Explanation: The reading says Canadian science policy was formally debated in this period.

Question 3: [Straightforward | MCQ] “Policies for science” refers mainly to policies that: Options: A) support and develop science B) use science to make every cabinet decision C) eliminate political debate D) privatize universities

Answer: A. Explanation: “Policies for science” means government action to support science capacity and development.

Question 4: [Straightforward | MCQ] “Science in policy” refers to: Options: A) using scientific knowledge in policy decisions B) banning politics from science C) replacing cabinet with scientists D) funding only laboratories

Answer: A. Explanation: It focuses on how science informs public decision-making.

Question 5: [Application | True/False] A federal department using climate data to design environmental regulations is an example of “science in policy.” Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: Scientific evidence is being used to support policy development.

Question 6: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] The linear model of S&T policy moves from basic research to R&D to commercialization, sales, and ________. Options: A) market development B) royal assent C) public consultation D) tax collection

Answer: A) market development. Explanation: The linear continuum assumes a straight path from research input to market output.

Question 7: [Critical thinking | MCQ] What is one limitation of the linear model of innovation? Options: A) It assumes innovation follows a predictable path B) It includes too much public consultation C) It ignores basic research D) It rejects commercialization

Answer: A. Explanation: The reading contrasts the linear model with more networked, unpredictable innovation systems.

Question 8: [Straightforward | MCQ] Innovation systems theory emphasizes innovation as: Options: A) non-linear and networked B) always government-owned C) only basic research D) unrelated to markets

Answer: A. Explanation: Innovation systems focus on interaction among universities, firms, governments, and other actors.

Question 9: [Straightforward | Matching] Match the concept to its meaning. Options: A) Linear model B) Innovation systems C) Cluster 1) Regional concentration of related firms/institutions 2) Straight path from basic research to market 3) Networked interaction among innovation actors

Answer: A-2, B-3, C-1. Explanation: These are different ways of understanding how innovation develops.

Question 10: [Application | MCQ] A city with universities, biotech firms, hospitals, and investors working together is best described as a/an: Options: A) innovation cluster B) estimate bill C) cabinet committee D) electoral riding

Answer: A. Explanation: Clusters involve spatially concentrated networks of innovation actors.

Question 11: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] Permissionless innovation means the freedom to experiment with new technologies and business models without needing prior ________. Options: A) permission B) taxation C) elections D) patents

Answer: A) permission. Explanation: The concept is linked to the growth of the Internet and open experimentation.

Question 12: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Why can permissionless innovation create policy tension? Options: A) It encourages rapid innovation before regulation catches up B) It prevents all technological change C) It gives government total control D) It eliminates social risks

Answer: A. Explanation: New technologies may spread faster than governments can assess or regulate them.

Question 13: [Straightforward | MCQ] Mode 1 knowledge production is associated with: Options: A) traditional academic, hierarchical, peer-reviewed research B) flexible interdisciplinary networks only C) public protests D) market sales

Answer: A. Explanation: Mode 1 refers to conventional academic research structures.

Question 14: [Straightforward | MCQ] Mode 2 knowledge production is more: Options: A) networked, interdisciplinary, and flexible B) isolated and discipline-bound C) limited to private firms D) unrelated to public accountability

Answer: A. Explanation: Mode 2 highlights broader knowledge networks and blurred boundaries.

Question 15: [Matching] Match the knowledge type to the example. Options: A) Know-what B) Know-how C) Know-who 1) Knowing which expert to contact 2) Knowing factual information 3) Knowing how to carry out a process

Answer: A-2, B-3, C-1. Explanation: The reading discusses knowledge as more than just formal research.

Question 16: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] Tacit knowledge is experiential knowledge about how to do things and how to ________ about things. Options: A) think B) legislate C) advertise D) campaign

Answer: A) think. Explanation: Tacit knowledge is often learned through experience, mentoring, and practice.

Question 17: [Straightforward | MCQ] Related Science Activities, or RSA, are activities that complement and extend: Options: A) R&D B) elections C) cabinet secrecy D) party platforms

Answer: A. Explanation: RSA includes monitoring, testing, data collection, and regulatory science.

Question 18: [Application | MCQ] Weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, and food safety testing are best examples of: Options: A) related science activities B) campaign advertising C) judicial review D) direct democracy

Answer: A. Explanation: These activities generate scientific information needed for regulation and public protection.

Question 19: [Straightforward | True/False] The reading suggests that Health Canada and Environment Canada may spend much of their science budgets on RSA rather than traditional R&D. Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: Their work often involves regulation, monitoring, and applied scientific support.

Question 20: [Straightforward | MCQ] The narrowest definition of regulation involves rules plus mechanisms for monitoring and: Options: A) enforcement B) campaigning C) patenting D) commercialization

Answer: A. Explanation: Regulation in the narrow sense means government rules backed by enforcement.

Question 21: [Application | MCQ] A voluntary industry code developed with government guidance is an example of regulation becoming more: Options: A) co-produced B) purely private C) unconstitutional D) non-existent

Answer: A. Explanation: The reading emphasizes that modern regulation is often shared among state and non-state actors.

Question 22: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Julia Black’s de-centred view of regulation is useful because it recognizes that regulation may come from: Options: A) multiple actors beyond the state B) only federal cabinet C) only courts D) only scientists

Answer: A. Explanation: Modern regulation can involve governments, firms, professions, NGOs, and international bodies.

Question 23: [Straightforward | MCQ] Peer review is central to: Options: A) academic journals and research funding B) tax collection C) election campaigns D) privatization only

Answer: A. Explanation: Peer review assesses scientific quality and credibility.

Question 24: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] Grey literature includes government reports, non-profit reports, and think-tank ________. Options: A) assessments B) ballots C) court rulings D) advertisements

Answer: A) assessments. Explanation: Grey literature is useful but may not go through conventional academic peer review.

Question 25: [Application | True/False] A government report can be useful for policy research even if it is not a peer-reviewed journal article. Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: Grey literature can provide practical evidence, but users must assess its quality.

Question 26: [Straightforward | MCQ] Merit review differs from peer review because it may assess broader factors such as infrastructure, partnerships, and: Options: A) expected impact B) party loyalty C) voter turnout D) media coverage only

Answer: A. Explanation: Merit review considers more than scholarly quality.

Question 27: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] Intellectual property rights include patents, trademarks, copyright, and trade ________. Options: A) secrets B) votes C) estimates D) committees

Answer: A) secrets. Explanation: These mechanisms protect ownership and control of knowledge or creative products.

Question 28: [Straightforward | MCQ] A patent gives the holder the right to exclude others from using an invention for up to: Options: A) 20 years B) 2 years C) 50 years D) forever

Answer: A. Explanation: The reading identifies a 20-year patent term.

Question 29: [Critical thinking | MCQ] What is the trade-off behind patents? Options: A) Temporary exclusivity in exchange for public disclosure B) Permanent secrecy in exchange for no regulation C) Public ownership with no inventor rights D) No protection and no disclosure

Answer: A. Explanation: Patents reward invention while requiring disclosure of underlying knowledge.

Question 30: [Application | MCQ] Golden Rice is used as an example of patent complexity because it involved: Options: A) many separate intellectual property claims B) no scientific innovation C) only one inventor D) no public interest debate

Answer: A. Explanation: The case illustrates how overlapping patents can complicate innovation.

Question 31: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] Transformative technologies can remake economies and societies through foundational technological ________. Options: A) changes B) elections C) deficits D) speeches

Answer: A) changes. Explanation: Transformative technologies reshape production, markets, identities, and social systems.

Question 32: [Straightforward | MCQ] Which is an example of a general purpose technology mentioned in the reading? Options: A) Internet B) filing cabinet C) parliamentary speech D) tax receipt

Answer: A. Explanation: The Internet is discussed as a general purpose and disruptive technology.

Question 33: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Why is technology assessment important for disruptive technologies? Options: A) It helps anticipate benefits and harms before technologies fully spread B) It prevents all invention C) It removes public debate D) It makes markets irrelevant

Answer: A. Explanation: Assessment helps governments understand consequences before or during adoption.

Question 34: [Straightforward | MCQ] Canada’s STI governance is centred formally in the prime minister, cabinet, and: Options: A) Parliament B) universities only C) private firms D) newspapers

Answer: A. Explanation: Representative democratic authority rests in cabinet-parliamentary government.

Question 35: [Straightforward | Matching] Match the democratic arena to its description. Options: A) Representative democracy B) Federalized democracy C) Interest group pluralism D) Civil society democracy 1) Elections and cabinet-parliamentary decision-making 2) Federal-provincial division of authority 3) Lobbying and consultation by organized groups 4) Advocacy by groups representing rights, equality, or marginalized interests

Answer: A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4. Explanation: The reading identifies multiple democratic arenas shaping STI policy.

Question 36: [Application | MCQ] Indigenous groups challenging environmental impacts of a resource project are participating most directly in: Options: A) civil society democracy B) patent law C) basic research D) estimate bills

Answer: A. Explanation: Civil society democracy involves rights-based and equality-seeking advocacy.

Question 37: [Straightforward | MCQ] Agenda-setting theory includes the idea of “punctuated equilibria,” meaning policies: Options: A) stay stable for long periods, then change quickly B) change every day C) never change D) only change during elections

Answer: A. Explanation: Major change can follow long periods of stability.

Question 38: [Application | True/False] A major public health crisis can rapidly move an STI issue onto the government agenda. Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: Crises can punctuate policy stability and trigger sudden attention.

Question 39: [Straightforward | MCQ] Science ministers in Canada have often been described as: Options: A) junior and peripheral to cabinet power B) the most powerful ministers C) heads of all departments D) independent judges

Answer: A. Explanation: The reading argues science ministers often lack control over major S&T budgets.

Question 40: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Why might the prime minister and finance minister act as de facto STI ministers? Options: A) They control agenda-setting, budgets, and national priorities B) They conduct all laboratory research C) They manage every patent application D) They replace universities

Answer: A. Explanation: Their power over priorities and spending can shape STI policy more than the science minister.

Question 41: [Straightforward | MCQ] Speeches from the Throne are important because they express government: Options: A) priorities and values B) court decisions C) private contracts D) peer reviews

Answer: A. Explanation: They are agenda-setting narratives for each parliamentary session.

Question 42: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] Speeches from the Throne usually occur at approximately ________-month intervals on average. Options: A) 18 B) 3 C) 60 D) 1

Answer: A) 18. Explanation: The reading says they do not occur annually but roughly every eighteen months.

Question 43: [Application | MCQ] If STI is mentioned only inside a section on Arctic sovereignty, this shows STI policy can be: Options: A) embedded within another policy agenda B) absent from government entirely C) unrelated to national priorities D) only provincial

Answer: A. Explanation: S&T issues may appear under broader fields such as defence, resource, health, or Arctic policy.

Question 44: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Why does STI policy not fit easily into electoral mandates? Options: A) Innovation outcomes often take years and are uncertain B) Science has no economic relevance C) Elections happen every month D) Government cannot fund research

Answer: A. Explanation: Long timelines between research, products, jobs, and impacts complicate political framing.

Question 45: [Straightforward | MCQ] The Trudeau Liberals established MOSST, which stands for: Options: A) Ministry of State for Science and Technology B) Ministry of Social Security and Trade C) Municipal Office of Science and Training D) Ministerial Office for Strategic Taxation

Answer: A. Explanation: MOSST was created in 1971 but had limited clout.

Question 46: [Straightforward | True/False] The Trudeau era focused partly on making federal science policy more coherent. Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: Trudeau established structures such as a Cabinet Committee on Science and Technology.

Question 47: [Application | MCQ] A policy goal of increasing industry-led R&D reflects which recurring Canadian STI concern? Options: A) Canada’s weak industrial R&D performance B) too much private innovation C) excessive university privatization D) lack of federalism

Answer: A. Explanation: The reading repeatedly notes Canada’s lower industrial R&D compared with competitors.

Question 48: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] The Scientific Research Tax Credit was introduced in ________. Options: A) 1983 B) 2003 C) 1966 D) 2015

Answer: A) 1983. Explanation: The SRTC was a Trudeau-era tax incentive for R&D firms.

Question 49: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Why was the Scientific Research Tax Credit problematic? Options: A) It created costly credit transfers and major treasury losses B) It prevented all R&D C) It only funded universities D) It banned industry participation

Answer: A. Explanation: The reading says the program generated a large secondary market and high costs.

Question 50: [Straightforward | MCQ] The Mulroney government replaced SRTC with: Options: A) SR&ED B) CIHR C) Genome Canada D) AHRC

Answer: A. Explanation: SR&ED provided R&D tax support, especially for smaller firms.

Question 51: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] The Mulroney government created the National Advisory Board on Science and ________. Options: A) Technology B) Taxation C) Transportation D) Trade only

Answer: A) Technology. Explanation: NABST provided S&T advice with a more market-oriented focus.

Question 52: [Straightforward | MCQ] The Networks of Centres of Excellence program was launched in the: Options: A) late 1980s B) early 1950s C) 2010s D) 1930s

Answer: A. Explanation: The NCE program was a major Mulroney-era science policy initiative.

Question 53: [Application | MCQ] A government program funding research networks across universities and industry best reflects: Options: A) Networks of Centres of Excellence logic B) direct taxation only C) deregulation of food safety D) public opinion polling

Answer: A. Explanation: NCEs support networked research and collaboration.

Question 54: [Straightforward | True/False] The Chrétien government’s Program Review involved cuts to science funding and staff in federal science departments. Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: Program Review reduced spending in many science-based departments.

Question 55: [Straightforward | MCQ] The Canada Foundation for Innovation was associated with investment in: Options: A) research infrastructure B) military recruitment C) election campaigns D) child benefits only

Answer: A. Explanation: CFI was created to support research infrastructure.

Question 56: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] The Canadian Institutes of Health Research replaced the Medical Research Council and was formed in ________. Options: A) 2000 B) 1968 C) 1983 D) 2015

Answer: A) 2000. Explanation: CIHR became a major health research funding body.

Question 57: [Application | MCQ] The Chrétien-Martin use of terms like “knowledge infrastructure” and “innovation economy” reflects: Options: A) knowledge-based economy discourse B) anti-science policy C) purely military policy D) devolution only

Answer: A. Explanation: Their STI agenda used knowledge and innovation language.

Question 58: [Straightforward | MCQ] Paul Martin created the role of National Science Advisor, first filled by: Options: A) Arthur Carty B) Pierre Trudeau C) John McDougall D) Vannevar Bush

Answer: A. Explanation: Carty moved from NRC president to National Science Advisor.

Question 59: [Critical thinking | MCQ] What unfinished business did the Chrétien-Martin era leave in STI policy? Options: A) Turning public science investment into commercial and socio-economic impact B) Ending all research funding C) Removing universities from research D) Eliminating federal science departments

Answer: A. Explanation: The era increased spending but struggled with commercialization and impact.

Question 60: [Straightforward | MCQ] The Harper government’s 2007 Throne Speech linked science to: Options: A) Arctic sovereignty and resource development B) bilingualism only C) public housing only D) national childcare only

Answer: A. Explanation: The reading gives the Arctic research station as an example of science embedded in policy.

Question 61: [Application | True/False] Mapping Canada’s Arctic seabed is an example of science supporting sovereignty policy. Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: Scientific mapping supported territorial and geopolitical claims.

Question 62: [Straightforward | MCQ] Harper’s S&T policy emphasized mobilizing science and technology for: Options: A) commercial purposes B) replacing elections C) avoiding markets D) ending resource development

Answer: A. Explanation: The 2007 S&T Strategy stressed commercialization and competitiveness.

Question 63: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Why did the Harper era create tension around evidence and science? Options: A) Critics argued scientists were being muzzled and evidence was sidelined B) It gave scientists unlimited independence C) It ended all central control D) It removed resource policy from politics

Answer: A. Explanation: The readings discuss “death of evidence” concerns and communication controls.

Question 64: [Straightforward | MCQ] The federal government’s S&T departments and agencies domain includes about ten cabinet departments and over: Options: A) 200 laboratories, agencies, and sub-units B) 5 laboratories C) 20 universities only D) 1 central agency

Answer: A. Explanation: The domain is described as broad and complex.

Question 65: [Straightforward | Matching] Match the science-based department/agency to its example role. Options: A) Health Canada B) Environment Canada C) NRC D) CFIA 1) Food inspection and safety 2) Drug and health product regulation 3) Environmental science and monitoring 4) National research and technology support

Answer: A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1. Explanation: These are major institutions in the federal S&T domain.

Question 66: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] The “make or buy” policy distinguished between government science done internally and science procured from the ________ sector. Options: A) private B) judicial C) electoral D) municipal

Answer: A) private. Explanation: “Buy” meant using procurement to support industrial research.

Question 67: [Application | MCQ] Government science needed for regulation and public-interest tasks would fall more under the “make” side because it is: Options: A) central to government responsibility B) only useful to private firms C) unrelated to risk D) always cheaper outside government

Answer: A. Explanation: The government may need internal science capacity for policy and regulation.

Question 68: [Straightforward | MCQ] The three main S&T governance histories in the government departments/agencies reading are NRC, Health Canada, and: Options: A) Environment Canada B) Parliament C) Supreme Court D) Canada Post

Answer: A. Explanation: These three institutions are used to examine the domain.

Question 69: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] The National Research Council was established in ________. Options: A) 1917 B) 1969 C) 2004 D) 2015

Answer: A) 1917. Explanation: The NRC began as an advisory council on scientific and industrial research.

Question 70: [Straightforward | True/False] The NRC acted as a granting council until NSERC was created in 1978. Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: NSERC took over natural sciences and engineering granting functions.

Question 71: [Application | MCQ] NRC being criticized as a “university without students” means it was seen as too focused on: Options: A) academic/basic research B) private investment C) public consultation D) parliamentary debate

Answer: A. Explanation: Critics argued the NRC privileged academic science over industrial needs.

Question 72: [Straightforward | MCQ] IRAP stands for: Options: A) Industrial Research Assistance Program B) International Research Approval Process C) Innovation Regulation Action Plan D) Internal Risk Assessment Program

Answer: A. Explanation: IRAP provides industrial incentives and advisory services, especially to smaller firms.

Question 73: [Straightforward | Matching] Match the NRC president to the associated policy direction. Options: A) Pierre Perron B) Arthur Carty C) John McDougall 1) Innovation systems and entrepreneurship 2) Competitive edge and harder business focus 3) Market-pull commercialization focus

Answer: A-2, B-1, C-3. Explanation: Each leader symbolized a different NRC reform period.

Question 74: [Application | MCQ] Moving from NRC research divisions to institutes in 1990–91 was intended to make research more: Options: A) sectorally focused and multidisciplinary B) purely electoral C) provincial-only D) legally confidential

Answer: A. Explanation: Institutes were linked to strategic science areas and sectors.

Question 75: [Critical thinking | MCQ] What tension has repeatedly shaped the NRC? Options: A) Top-down commercialization pressure versus bottom-up scientist-driven research B) Courts versus elections C) Municipalities versus provinces only D) Public consultation versus royal assent

Answer: A. Explanation: The NRC has had to balance national policy goals with researchers’ scientific autonomy.

Question 76: [Straightforward | MCQ] Under the Harper-era strategy, NRC was rebranded as Canada’s National Research and: Options: A) Technology Organization B) Parliamentary Office C) University Council D) Environmental Tribunal

Answer: A. Explanation: This reflected a stronger business and commercialization mandate.

Question 77: [Application | True/False] “Market pull” means research priorities are shaped by client or industry demand rather than only scientific curiosity. Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: The Harper-era NRC strategy emphasized client needs and commercial outcomes.

Question 78: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] Health Canada’s drug regulation history is strongly shaped by the post-thalidomide emphasis on safety and ________ protection. Options: A) consumer B) electoral C) military D) cabinet

Answer: A) consumer. Explanation: The Food and Drugs Act was framed as a consumer protection statute.

Question 79: [Straightforward | MCQ] The Therapeutic Products Programme was formed in 1997 by merging the Drugs Directorate and the: Options: A) Medical Devices Bureau B) Canadian Space Agency C) Geological Survey D) Treasury Board

Answer: A. Explanation: The TPP integrated drug and medical device regulation.

Question 80: [Straightforward | Matching] Match the Health Canada reform concept to its meaning. Options: A) Blueprint for Renewal B) Progressive Licensing Framework C) Pharmaco-vigilance 1) Monitoring drug safety over the product life cycle 2) 2006 regulatory modernization agenda 3) Life-cycle approach to drug approval and post-market review

Answer: A-2, B-3, C-1. Explanation: These concepts modernized drug regulation.

Question 81: [Application | MCQ] A drug approved for market but monitored for adverse reactions after public use reflects: Options: A) post-market surveillance B) deregulation C) peer review only D) technology transfer

Answer: A. Explanation: Progressive licensing emphasizes evidence across the full product life cycle.

Question 82: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Why did some critics worry about Health Canada’s “smart regulation” reforms? Options: A) They feared faster access and business efficiency could weaken safety protection B) They eliminated all drug review C) They banned industry D) They made peer review too strict

Answer: A. Explanation: Critics argued market-oriented reforms could undermine the safety mandate.

Question 83: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] Environment Canada was created in ________. Options: A) 1971 B) 1917 C) 2000 D) 2015

Answer: A) 1971. Explanation: It was created with mandates related to environment, fisheries, water, and air.

Question 84: [Straightforward | MCQ] The 1990 Green Plan was associated with which prime ministerial era? Options: A) Mulroney B) Trudeau C) Harper D) Martin

Answer: A. Explanation: The Green Plan was a major Mulroney environmental initiative.

Question 85: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] The Green Plan included goals such as regulating priority toxic substances and reducing waste by ________ percent by 2000. Options: A) 50 B) 5 C) 90 D) 10

Answer: A) 50. Explanation: The plan set a waste-reduction target of 50 percent.

Question 86: [Application | MCQ] Bhopal and Chernobyl helped push environmental science policy because they showed: Options: A) environmental risks can be catastrophic and international B) science is unrelated to regulation C) pollution is only local D) regulation is unnecessary

Answer: A. Explanation: These crises strengthened public and political concern about environmental risks.

Question 87: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Why is Environment Canada’s science difficult to manage on one timeline? Options: A) Prevention, monitoring, remediation, and life-cycle risk can operate over very different time scales B) All environmental science is completed instantly C) Regulation ends at product approval D) Only courts set timelines

Answer: A. Explanation: Environmental risks may require decades of monitoring and cleanup.

Question 88: [Straightforward | MCQ] The Human Genome Project aimed to identify approximately how many human genes? Options: A) 30,000 B) 300 C) 3 million D) 9

Answer: A. Explanation: The HGP slide lists approximately 30,000 genes as a key goal.

Question 89: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] The human genome contains about ________ billion chemical base pairs. Options: A) 3 B) 30 C) 300 D) 0.3

Answer: A) 3. Explanation: The HGP slides identify 3 billion base pairs in human DNA.

Question 90: [Straightforward | MCQ] The HGP sequencing was completed in: Options: A) April 2003 B) June 2000 C) February 2001 D) 1990

Answer: A. Explanation: The project was declared finished in April 2003.

Question 91: [Matching] Match the HGP milestone to the date. Options: A) Project initiated B) Working draft completed C) Analyses published D) Sequencing completed 1) 1990 2) June 2000 3) February 2001 4) April 2003

Answer: A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4. Explanation: These dates come from the HGP milestone slide.

Question 92: [Application | MCQ] Raw genome data being kept public reflects which policy value? Options: A) open science and public access B) closed commercialization only C) provincial jurisdiction D) deregulation

Answer: A. Explanation: The Clinton-Blair statement emphasized public access to fundamental genome data.

Question 93: [Straightforward | Fill in the blank] ELSI stands for ethical, legal, and ________ issues. Options: A) social B) scientific C) strategic D) statistical

Answer: A) social. Explanation: ELSI addresses ethical, legal, and social implications of genomics.

Question 94: [Critical thinking | MCQ] Genetic information can raise policy concerns because it may be misused by employers, insurers, schools, or adoption agencies. Which ELSI issue is this? Options: A) fairness and discrimination B) crop breeding C) cabinet secrecy D) fiscal federalism

Answer: A. Explanation: The slides identify fairness in the use of genetic information as a major ELSI concern.

Question 95: [Straightforward | MCQ] Personalized medicine aims to move health care away from a “one size fits all” model toward: Options: A) targeted or precision care B) no treatment C) identical treatment for all D) only emergency care

Answer: A. Explanation: Personalized medicine tailors interventions based on individual or subpopulation characteristics.

Question 96: [Application | MCQ] HER2 testing before using trastuzumab is an example of personalized medicine because it uses: Options: A) biomarker data to guide treatment B) random treatment selection C) only patient age D) no diagnostic information

Answer: A. Explanation: The slide uses HER2-positive breast cancer and trastuzumab as a biomarker-guided therapy example.

Question 97: [Straightforward | True/False] Traditional clinical trials can be difficult for personalized medicine because some genetic subgroups are very small. Options: True / False

Answer: True. Explanation: Small patient groups make standard large-population trials harder to apply.

Question 98: [Application | MCQ] A Canadian patient buys a genetic test from an international company before Canadian approval. Which policy issue is most directly raised? Options: A) online products, quality, privacy, and regulation B) cabinet confidence C) crop exports D) patent length only

Answer: A. Explanation: The personalized medicine slides flag online genetic testing as a regulatory gap.

Question 99: [Straightforward | Matching] Match the assisted reproductive technology to its description. Options: A) IVF B) ICSI C) Fertility preservation D) Donor services/surrogacy 1) Eggs or embryos are frozen for future use 2) Eggs are fertilized with sperm in a lab and embryos may be transferred 3) A single sperm is injected directly into an egg 4) Donated eggs, sperm, embryos, or a surrogate arrangement may be used

Answer: A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4. Explanation: These descriptions come from the assisted reproductive technology slides.

Question 100: [Critical thinking | MCQ] The “lost decade” in assisted human reproduction policy best shows that: Options: A) science can advance faster than policy and regulation B) governments always regulate immediately C) reproductive technology has no ethical implications D) courts never affect science policy

Answer: A. Explanation: The slides describe 1996–2004 as a policy lag while science kept innovating and policymakers debated.