Exam 3 Lecture 2 - Oppositional Defiant disorder

Antisocial behavior through the lifespan

-Toddlerhood: irritable, difficult

-Preschool: Harshly defiant, argumentative

-School age: Fighting, lying, petty theft

-Preadolescence: Assault, sexual precosity

-Adolescence: Robbery, substance abuse

-Adulthood: Repetitive criminal activities, callous relationships, spousal

ODD

-pretty common disorder of childhood

2-16%

M>F

Order from ODD and on

ODD

ODD DSM 5

Pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months. Four or more need to be present

Clusters:

-angry/irritable

-argumentitive

-vindictiveness

Conduct disorder

One of the most common reasons for referral to inpatient clinics

4-10%

More prevalent in boys

Boys - direct aggression, confrontation

Girls - Indirect aggression, group affiliation

Conduct disorder DSM

3/15 criteria in the last year, and one in the last six months

Clusters:

-Aggression to people/animals

-Destruction of property

-Deceitfulness

-Serious volition of rules

Three subtypes of CD

-Group type

-Solitary aggressive

-undifferentiated

Group type of CD

Least concerning, associated with teenagers

Associated with adolescent onset type

Solitary aggressive CD

Most serious, rarest

-the predominance of aggressive behavior is initiated by the person not as a group activity

undifferentiated type

mixture of types

Moffitt ideas

-Childhood onset: Caused by a combination of early neurodevelopmental deficits, inadequate parentings, and adverse social influences

-Adolescent onset: Caused by peer influences during the transition to adulthood

Physiological mechanisms

-Structural and functional differences in the prefrontal

-Variant in gene MAO-A which regulates serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

-Lower resting heart rate

-Individual differences in HPA activity

Defiance-amphlifying environmental factors

1. Irritable, difficult temperament in toddlerhood

• Places child at risk for insecure attachment to mother

• Poor parenting may interact with temperament to propel child

toward CD

2. Neuropsychological deficits

• Predispose to school failure

• Intensifies poor social bonds, leads to CD

3. Peer rejection

• May intensify self-esteem deficits and promote identification with

antisocial subcultures

Parent child interactions

• Coercion – children learn aggressive behavior

from familial interaction

• Negative reinforcement is the central concept

• Child wants a cookie and mother says ”no”

• Child has tantrum

• Mother does not respond

• Child yells louder

• Mother provides the cookie and the tantrum ends

• Poor parenting practices

• Poor supervision / discipline

• Lack of parent-child cohesiveness

• Chaotic family circumstances

Most significant predictor of later child problems

Low parental monitoring of child behavior and low parent-child warmth

Hostile attribution bias

Kenneth Dodge believes that many CD boys have

this bias.

• In one experiment, he shows a videotape in

which adolescent actors engage in a series of

actions toward another boy which have

previously been judged by normal adolescents to

be neutral or hostile.

• The CD boys are more likely to rate actor as

hostile in the neutral condition. This suggests a

negative view of others that may lead to

aggression.

Insular mothers

This work is attributed to Robert Wahler.

• He has studied the contribution of what he calls

the “insular mother” to the development of

behavior problems.

• The insular mother is socially isolated,

depressed, and becomes disenchanted and

hostile toward all who attempt to offer support.

• This mother’s stressors end up interfering with

her perceptions of the child and she tends to

respond to the child in a negativistic and hostile

manner.

ASPD vs psychopathy

Briefly, ASPD is characterized by:

• Disregard for rights of others

• Reduced empathy for others

• Difficulty with genuine intimacy

• Manipulative behavior

• Psychopathy is much rarer than ASPD, and the problems with social

relationships much graver (charming; NO empathy, conscience;

form NO attachments; often social predators; hurt others w/o guilt)

• Psychopathy is more typically attributed to hereditary contributions

whereas sociopathy is typically attributed to upbringing/treatment.

• Problems with impulsivity will be higher among sociopaths, and

they are sloppier in their criminal behavior (e.g., leave clues, high

risk crimes). The crimes of the psychopath will be well planned and

may be more white-collar in nature.