Medicine Entrance Examination Complete Study Guide 2025 MCQ & MMI Comprehensive Preparation

A comprehensive set of 200 flashcards created from the lecture notes on medical entrance examination content, covering key terminology and concepts across various subjects including biology, chemistry, physics, and medical ethics.

Mendelian Genetics

Principles of inheritance formulated by Gregor Mendel, including the law of segregation, law of independent assortment, and law of dominance.

Law of Segregation

Alleles separate during gamete formation.

Law of Independent Assortment

Genes for different traits sort independently of one another in the formation of gametes.

Law of Dominance

In a heterozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another.

Punnett Squares

A diagram used to predict the genetic makeup of offspring from a cross.

Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross that involves only one trait, typically represented in a 3:1 ratio.

Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross involving two traits, typically represented in a 9:3:3:1 ratio.

Test Cross

A cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive organism to determine the unknown genotype.

Autosomal Dominant

A pattern of inheritance where the trait typically appears in every generation.

Autosomal Recessive

A pattern of inheritance where the trait can skip generations.

X-linked Recessive

A genetic condition more commonly expressed in males due to the presence of only one X chromosome.

Codominance

A genetic situation in which both alleles contribute to the phenotype.

Incomplete Dominance

A genetic situation where one allele does not completely dominate another, resulting in a third phenotype.

DNA Structure

DNA is structured as a double helix composed of nucleotides, with specific base pairing.

Base Pairing

Hydrogen bonding between adenine-thymine (A-T) and guanine-cytosine (G-C).

DNA Replication

The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.

Helicase

Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA complementary to the template strand.

DNA Ligase

Enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication.

Central Dogma

The process by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → Protein.

Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

Translation

The process of decoding the mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Circulatory System

The body system responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.

Heart Anatomy

The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Blood Flow Pathway

Sequential flow of blood: body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body.

Systolic Blood Pressure

Pressure in arteries during heart contraction.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Pressure in arteries during heart relaxation.

Normal Blood Pressure

Typical range: 120/80 mmHg.

Hypertension

Blood pressure above normal, typically 140/90 mmHg or higher.

Hypotension

Abnormally low blood pressure, typically below 90/60 mmHg.

Respiratory System

The system responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the body.

Gas Exchange

The process of oxygen diffusing into blood and carbon dioxide diffusing out.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath (approximately 500 mL).

Vital Capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (approximately 4.5 L).

Regulation of Breathing

Controlled primarily by the medulla oblongata and influenced by chemoreceptors.

Digestive System

The system responsible for breaking down food into nutrients and energy.

Esophagus

The tube that connects the throat (pharynx) with the stomach.

Small Intestine

The primary site for digestion and nutrient absorption.

Large Intestine

The part of the digestive system that absorbs water and forms feces.

Liver

Accessory organ that processes nutrients and produces bile.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions, including digestion.

Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar.

Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides in the stomach.

Lipase

Enzyme that digests fats in the small intestine.

Nervous System

The body system responsible for coordinating actions and reactions by transmitting signals.

Neuron Structure

Composed of cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

Brain Regions

Different areas of the brain responsible for specific functions: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.

Cerebrum

The brain region responsible for higher functions, such as thought and action.

Cerebellum

Responsible for coordination and balance.

Hypothalamus

Regulates homeostasis, including body temperature and hunger.

Action Potential

An electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron.

Endocrine System

The system responsible for hormone production and regulation.

Pituitary Gland

The master gland that controls other endocrine glands and produces growth hormone.

Thyroid Gland

Regulates metabolism through the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

Insulin

Hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

Hormone that raises blood glucose levels produced by the pancreas.

Feedback Mechanism

A process that controls hormone levels through negative or positive feedback.

Diabetes Mellitus

A disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.

Urinary System

System that removes waste products and maintains body fluid balance.

Kidney Structure

Composed of cortex, medulla, and functional units called nephrons.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Filtration

The process of removing waste from the blood in the kidneys.

Glomerulus

A network of capillaries involved in the filtration of blood.

Immune System

The body system that defends against infections and diseases.

Innate Immunity

The body's initial defense mechanism, including physical and chemical barriers.

Phagocytes

Cells that engulf and digest pathogens.

Antibody

A protein produced by B cells that neutralizes pathogens.

B Lymphocytes

Immune cells responsible for humoral immunity and antibody production.

T Lymphocytes

Immune cells involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Vaccination

The process of introducing a vaccine to induce immunity.

Common Diseases

Medical conditions caused by pathogens including bacteria, viruses, parasites.

Tuberculosis

A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Influenza

A viral infection caused by orthomyxoviruses.

HIV

A virus that attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS.

Nutritional Metabolism

The biochemical process of breaking down food and utilizing nutrients.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds that serve as a primary energy source.

Proteins

Biomolecules made of amino acids necessary for tissue repair and growth.

Lipids

Fats that serve as energy stores and structural components of cells.

Vitamins

Organic compounds necessary for many metabolic processes.

Minerals

Inorganic substances essential for various cellular functions.

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Ecosystem

A community of living organisms and their physical environment.

Food Chain

A linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass.

Biomass Pyramid

A graphical representation of the biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

Carbon Cycle

The process by which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere, land, and oceans.

Nitrogen Cycle

The process through which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms.

Kinetics

The study of the rates of chemical reactions.

Equilibrium

A state in which the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between two species.

Gibbs Free Energy

A thermodynamic quantity that indicates the spontaneity of a reaction.

Boyle’s Law

States that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.

Avogadro’s Law

Equal volumes of gases contain an equal number of molecules regardless of their nature.

Ohm’s Law

The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit.

Magnetic Fields

Regions around a magnetic material where magnetic forces can be detected.

Electromagnetic Induction

The production of voltage across a conductor in a changing magnetic field.

Wave Properties

Characteristics of waves including wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Doppler Effect

The change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.