BIOL122 body systems

What are the 6 structural levels of organisation in the human body, from smallest to largest?

1. Chemical level (atoms/molecules) 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. System level 6. Organismal level

What are the major components of the Integumentary System?

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

What are the primary functions of the Integumentary System?

Protection

• Temperature regulation

• Waste elimination

• Helps make vitamin D

• Detects sensations (hot, cold, touch, pain)

What are the components of the Skeletal System?

Bones, joints, and cartilage.

What are the primary functions of the Skeletal System?

Support and protection

• Provides muscle attachments

• Houses cells that produce blood cells

• Stores minerals and lipids

What is the primary component of the Muscular System?

Skeletal muscle

What are the functions of the Muscular System?

Enables movement

• Stabilises body position (posture)

• Generates heat

What are the core components of the Cardiovascular System?

Blood, heart, and blood vessels.

What are the functions of the Cardiovascular System?

Transport of substances (gases, nutrients, waste, hormones)

• Temperature regulation

• Water content regulation

• Defence against disease

• Repair of tissues

What components make up the Lymphatic and Immune System?

Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and tonsils.

What are the functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System?

Returns proteins and fluid to blood

• Carries lipids from the GI tract to blood

• Protects against disease and cancer

What are some examples of hormone-producing glands in the Endocrine System?

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.

What are the major components of the Nervous System?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs (e.g., eyes, ears).

What are the primary functions of the Nervous System?

Generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities

• Detects stimuli and responds to them

• Initiates muscle contraction or gland secretion

What organs and structures form the Respiratory System?

Lungs, air passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, and alveoli.

What are the functions of the Respiratory System?

Gaseous exchange

• Regulates acid-base balance of body fluids

• Enables sound production (via vocal cords)

What are the GI tract organs and accessory organs of the Digestive System?

GI Tract: Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

Accessory Organs: Salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas.

What are the functions of the Digestive System?

Physical and chemical breakdown of food

• Absorbs nutrients

• Eliminates solid waste

What are the components of the Urinary System?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

What are the functions of the Urinary System?

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine

• Eliminates metabolic waste

• Regulates volume and chemical composition of blood

• Helps maintain acid-base balance of body fluids

• Regulates red blood cell production

What are the male and female reproductive components mentioned in the lecture?

• Female: Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina.

• Male: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis.

What are the functions of the Reproductive System?

Gamete production

• Hormone release

• Regulates reproduction and associated body changes during puberty