APUSH Unit 3 Flashcards

3.2: What were the causes of the french and indian war

• French vs British

  • French allied w the Indians, British tried but sucked

• Goal

  • Causes and effects of French and Indian war

• Causes

  • Seven Years War

    • F&I was Part of larger world conflict (7YW)

  • Ohio River Valley

    • Americans expanding to ORV

    • French already claimed ORV

    • George Washington

      • Lt crnl for Virginia militia

      • Sent to tell French to F off from ORV

    • Fort Duquesne

      • French took control of British port

      • Washington gains it back

      • French pissed = take it back again

    • *****Territorial disputes cause war

What acts did Britain take to control the colonies after the F&I war and why did they fail?

• Enacted Grenville’s Plan

  • Stricter enforcement of current laws (eg. Nav acts)

  • Extend wartime provisions into peacetime (military presence)

  • Quartering Act (colonists have to house soldiers against their own will)

• proclamation of 1763: tried to prevent colonists from settling beyond appalachians.

• Sugar act

  • Tax on molasses, coffee, wine, luxury items

• Stamp Act

  • Tax on all paper (news, cards, contracts)

• Currency Act

  • Stopped colonies from printing their own paper money

  • Impact

    • Britain demands more money, colonists physically have less money to give

• 1767: Townshend Acts

  • Paper tea glass taxes

Regarding taxes: Why did Americans suddenly care so much about representation, and what did Britain use to justify their actions in that regard?

• Colonists debate: “Taxation without representation”

  • Inspired by John Locke

    • Gov violated natural rights, violated social contract

  • Virtual representation

    • British argue colonists are represented by parliamentary INTERESTS, not regional representation

    • Colonists say nah

    • *Classes vs location

What was the Boston Massacre and its impact? What led to the Boston Tea Party, and what was its impact?

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* __**Boston Massacre**__
* **Spark led to revolution**
* **Colonists throwing stuff at soldiers**
* **SOMEBODY fired: result killed 4, injured 11**
* __**Impact**__
* **Colonists view as tyrants**
* __**Boston Tea Party**__
* __**Tea Act**__
* **Taxed TF outta tea**
* **Only British can supply colonists w tea**
* __**Riot**__
* **Disguised as AI’s**
* **Destroyed $2m (in today’s money)**
* __**Impact**__
* __**Coercive Acts**__
* **Closed Harbor until tea was paid off**
* __**Quartering Act (2.0)**__
* **Same thing lol**
* __**Known as the** ***Intolerable Acts***__

How and why did colonial attitudes about government change in the years before the American revolution?

start → end

explored other options before the revolution

• Stamp Act Congress (1765)

  • Reps met to petition to repeal the stamp act

  • NOT revolution

• Continental Congress (1774)

  • All colonies (but georgia)

  • Deliberated the tyranny:

  • Impact

    • Agreed they had to resist tyranny

    • Still NOT revolution (looking for agreement)

• Learned ideals from enlightenment AND Thomas payne

  • payne wrote common sense, argued for revolution and independence in words anyone could understand with bible justification

    • John Locke

      • Beliefs

        • “Two Treatises of Government”

        • Consent of the governed: power is in the hands of the people, not a monarch

        • Humans endowed with natural rights: NOT hereditary

        • Life, liberty, property

      • Impact of John Locke

        • Empowered colonists to challenge Britain

    • Jean Jacque Rousseau

      • Social contract

        • People willingly give up their power to gov WHICH MUST protect natural rights

        • If they dont consent, those laws are void

      • Impact

        • Laws being passed which people dont consent: empowers americans

    • Montesquieu

      • Beliefs

        • Gov in three branches (checks and balances)

What contributed to the American victory in the revolutionary war?

• Black americans

  • Both sides offered slave freedom to fight

  • 5k black men fought for US

• Victory

  • Colonists waged War of attrition

    • Just keep it going so British get tired

  • Delaware River attack

    • Christmas; attacked mercenaries and won

  • Battle of Saratoga ceratonin by winning saratoga.

    • They won

    • Impact

      • Franklin persuades French to ally with US

  • Why they won

    • British underestimated USABritish were confused and divided

    • French, spanish, holland support

  • France + Spain/Holland join

    • Impact: + cost and + support for US

  • Battle of Yorktown

    • Final battle of war

    • US wins

• Paris Peace Treaty

  • Signed by all parties

How did the American revolution affect american and global society? overall

Domestic:

Helped women

• Women

  • Banded together while men fought

  • Supplied troops with materials

  • Some took up arms and Mulan’d

  • Nancy Heart of Georgia

    • British eat food she prepares

    • She shoots two, neighbours hang the rest

  • Impact

    • Taste of freedom = want more

    • Replublican Motherhood

      • Women are sick yo, needed for democracy

      • Women raise sons who know democracy = women need education

Global:

inspired other revolutions

• French Revolution (1789-1799)

  • Context

    • France has econ probs bc of monarchy

    • Clergy/nobles have same vote as peasants = 2-1 against peasants

  • National Assembly

    • Formation of commoner parliament

    • Storm prison

  • Impact

    • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (DoI part 2)

• Haitian Revolution (1791)

  • Context

    • French colony

    • French revolt = haitian slaves revolt

  • Revolt

    • Slaves burn plantations, everything

  • Toussaint L’ouverture

    • Led haitian revolution

  • Impact

    • Haiti wins: first black-led independent nation

• Latin America

  • Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and Chile ALL overthrow Spain and Portugal

What were the articles of confederation and what were their impact?

• Articles of Confederation (AOC)

  • Declared independence = need constitution

  • Ratified in 1781

  • Modeled after state constitution

    • Formed by states during british rule

    • Focused into the legislative branch (congress…)

    • Wanted to avoid another monarchy

  • ALL in the legislature

    • No SCOTUS or president

    • Each state had veto power

    • To pass a law, 9 out of 13 had to agree (supermajority)

    • Result = nothing happens lol

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

  • Context

    • Needed to do something ab westward expansion

  • Impact

    • Abolished slavery in Northwest Territory

    • Regulation for population and statehood of new territory

• Shay’s Rebellion

  • Context

    • American econ sucked during revolution

    • Inflation bc of war, taxes bc Britain

    • Farmers wanted leg to help them (end property taxes, print paper money)

    • Gov wasn’t doing anything: farmers MAD

  • Daniel Shays

    • MA farmer, former captain in continental army

    • Organized militia

    • Uprising was crushed, but demonstrated unhappiness

  • Impact

    • MA couldn’t get federal troops bc there was no president = very scared

    • Bostonians quickly financed militia to put it down

    • Demonstrated AOC flaws (too weak)

What were the differing ideological positions on the structure and function of the newly conceived federal government in the legislature?

Different positions on representation

• Virginia Plan

  • Strong centralized state + two houses in congress (bicameral)

  • Reps based on population

  • Benefited large states

• New Jersey Plan

  • Unicameral legislature: equal rep per state

  • Helped small states

• Reach the Great Compromise

  • Bicameral: one based on pop (house), one is equal rep (senate)

Diff positions on Slavery

• Big Question

  • Are slaves counted as people for population?

  • South says YES: gives them more rep in house

  • North gives NO: helps them bc they have less slaves

• ⅗ Compromise

  • ⅗ of total slave population is added for representation

• Ratification

  • Context

    • 9/13 had to ratify Constitution to become law

  • Federalists

    • Urban and in favor of strong central gov

    • Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay: the Federalist Papers

  • Anti-Federalists

    • Too much in the central gov at the expense of the states

    • Couldn’t protect us from monarchy: no bill of rights

  • Compromise

    • Federalists win and its ratified, but with a bill of rights

What were the key provisions included and ommitted in the 1788 constitution?

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* **Key provisions**
* **Congress can levy taxes, declare war, regulate commerce**
* **“Necessary and proper” clause: congress can make laws to carry out its enumerated powers**
* **Electoral college**
* **Supreme court approval process**
* **Impeaching the president**
* **Constitution can now be modified.**
* **Things that WERENT in it**
* **Bill of rights**
* **Direct election of senators**
* **Two term limit for president**

WHAT IS FEDERALISM

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* __**SHARING OF POWER between national and state*__
* __*NOT that the fed is stronger.*__

What was the difference in the cosntitution between 1788 and 1791?

1791 had a bill of rights

What was the supremacy clause and what did it do for congress?

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* __**Article VI - Supremacy Clause**__
* **National law trumps state law when they contradict**
* __**Enumerated Powers of Congress**__
* **Laws that fall under the clause for fed to trump state (outlined in article i section 8)**
* __**Enumerated Power example**__
* **Power to declare war**
* __**Tenth Amendment**__
* **Any powers that aren’t enumerated powers are in the hands of the states**

What were key arguments from federalists and antifederalists during the debates over the constitution?

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* **Antifed**
* **Constitution makes a monarchy**
* **Constitution deostn work in a large nation**
* **Prioritize the states always, small fed**
* **No bill of rights**
* **Fed**
* **Cited shays rebellion**
* **Checks and balances prevent antifeds from happening**
* **Power is SHARED between states and fed**

Describe the debates over Hamilton’s econ policies.

\
* __**Alexander Hamilton**__
* **Secretary of the treasury**
* __**National Bank**__
* **Arg: would improve credit + unify us**
* **Increased state dependence on fed**
* **Taxed liquor**
* **Wanted to repay national debt**
* __**Elastic/Necessary and proper Clause**__
* **Hamilton used to defend for need of a national bank**
* **Just says that congress makes laws that are necessary and proper to keep going** 
* __**Impact**__
* **Improved everything**
* set precedent for looser interpretation of the constitution vs thomas jefferson’s strict interpretation

What was Jay’s treaty and its impact?

\
* __**British**__
* **Still slapping around USA (impressment, stopping US ships, refusing to give up settlements in the west, etc)**
* __**Jay’s treaty**__
* **John jay tasked with telling british to STFU**
* **British give up some posts, US agrees to pay back debt to british merchants.**
* **Strained relations with france.**
* **South was upset it had to pay back money to britain while new england can recount money from ship seizures**
* **Exacerbated the two factions of politics.**

What was the Pinckney treaty and its impact?

\
* __**Spain**__
* **Tried to consolidate holdings in the west**
* __**Pinckney Treaty**__
* **Negotiated by US ambassador to spain (thomas pinckney)**
* **Spain lets USA use New Orleans port**
* **Agree on USA border being florida panhandle**

What was the battle of fallen timbers, its background, and its impact?

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* __**Westward Expansion**__
* **Fed can’t contain**
* **= conflict with indigenous**
* __**Battle of Falen Timbers**__
* **US army defeats group of indian tribes**
* **AI’s leave Ohio River Valley**

What did Washington say in his farewell address?

\
* __**Washington’s Farewell Address**__
* **Doesnt seek 3rd term**
* **Warned of 2 party system**
* **Wanted future leaders to avoid forming permanent alliances with foreign countries.**
* **Impacted american isolationism philosophy**

What were the key events of the John Adams presidency?

• John Adams

  • Replaces Washington

  • Federalist, more pro-britain

  • XYZ Affair

    • Britain, france go to war

    • France seizes Us hsips going to britain

    • Try to negotiate: 3 french diplomats want bribes (ID’d as X, Y, Z)

  • Passes Federalist Acts

    • Naturalization Acts

      • Have to live in the USA for 14 years to be a citizen.

    • Alien Acts

      • Fed deports any non-citizens

      • Targeted at irish/scottish, who were anti-british

    • Sedition Acts

      • Can’t criticize the gov publicly

    • Impact

      • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

        • Enraged anti-feds: overreach

        • States can nullify any fed action that goes beyond constitutional basis

How can we explain the changes in American culture from 1754-1800? How did women, art, and religion impact that culture?

• Women

  • Republican Motherhood

    • Came from “thoughts on female education” from benjamin rush in 1787

    • Moms are the ones who raise awesome sons = moms are awesome

  • Abigail adams

    • Said in letter to john adams (husband) pleaded to give them more rights, away from just being a wife

    • John adams said STFU

  • Impact

    • Massachusetts had academies for girls in 1789

    • Judith Sargent Murray: women advocate

    • Did NOT extend to black women or american indians

      • Natives were matrillineal: BUT men had to fight more against white people so women becamse less important

• National Identity

  • Important art

    • Charles Willson Peale

      • Painted george washington

    • Samuel Jennings

      • Incorporated minorities in paintings

    • John Trumbull

      • Light and happy portrayal of historical events (ex. Signing of declaration of independence)

  • Architecture

    • Monticello

      • Thomas jeffersons home

  • Literature

    • Poor Richard’s Almanac

      • By Benjamin franklin

      • Only the bible outsold it

      • Promoted hard-working values (“a penny saved is a penny earned”)

        • Helped est. america as hard-working rag-tag national identity

  • Religion

    • Virgina Statute of Religious Freedom

      • By thomas jefferson

      • Separated church and state

• Misc. stuff

What were the effects of the french and indian war

• Effects

  • American westward expansion = native conflict

    • Native raids

    • Proclamation of 1763

      • BP: Can’t go west of Appalachian

      • Colonists reject, go anyway

  • EXPENSIVE

    • UK Debt doubles = raise taxes

What were the events of the french and indian war (like the war itself)

• War activities

  • French dominate

    • Britain stretched by sucking + 7YW = new America policies

      • + impressment (forced service)

      • + quartered troops in homes

      • = success

    • Costs TONS = want peace = Peace of Paris (1763)

      • Spain ceded Florida to British

      • Spanish get Western French territory

      • British get ORV

      • Natives lose power (can’t play off of british/french fighting anymore)

What was the albany congressional convention?

• Albany Congress/Convention

  • Colonists come together to figure out French, natives, expansion, stuff

  • in the french and indian war

  • Invited Iroquois confederacy (allies?)

    • Failed (didn’t involve lol)

  • Benjamin Franklin

    • Established Albany Plan of Union

      • Plan to have reps decide on imp. Issues

    • Rejected: too much taxes

    • Laid foundation for future Revolutionary Congress

How did Americans voice their opinions in the leadup to the revolutionary war and what impact did that have?

• Groups voice rebellion

  • Son/Daughters of Liberty, Vox Populi

    • Contained ALL facets of life

  • Stamp Act Congress

    • Rep from most colonies

    • Goal: repeal stamp act

    • NOT revolutionary, we still chillin’

  • Impact

    • Repealed stamp act and sugar act

    • Declaratory Act

      • Passed while others were repealed

      • Says parli can do what they want

• Did boycotts

  • revenue falls by 15% on taxed products.

how did american revolution affect women

• Women

  • Banded together while men fought

  • Supplied troops with materials

  • Some took up arms and Mulan’d

  • Nancy Heart of Georgia

    • British eat food she prepares

    • She shoots two, neighbours hang the rest

  • Impact

    • Taste of freedom = want more

    • Replublican Motherhood

      • Women are sick yo, needed for democracy

      • Women raise sons who know democracy = women need education

How did the american revolution inspire other revolutions

• French Revolution (1789-1799)

  • Context

    • France has econ probs bc of monarchy

    • Clergy/nobles have same vote as peasants = 2-1 against peasants

  • National Assembly

    • Formation of commoner parliament

    • Storm prison

  • Impact

    • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (DoI part 2)

• Haitian Revolution (1791)

  • Context

    • French colony

    • French revolt = haitian slaves revolt

  • Revolt

    • Slaves burn plantations, everything

  • Toussaint L’ouverture

    • Led haitian revolution

  • Impact

    • Haiti wins: first black-led independent nation

• Latin America

  • Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and Chile ALL overthrow Spain and Portugal

What was the northwest ordinance. of1787

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

  • Context

    • Needed to do something ab westward expansion

  • Impact

    • Abolished slavery in Northwest Territory

    • Regulation for population and statehood of new territory

• Shay’s Rebellion

What was shay’s rebellion and its impact?

• Shay’s Rebellion

  • Context

    • American econ sucked during revolution

    • Inflation bc of war, taxes bc Britain

    • Farmers wanted leg to help them (end property taxes, print paper money)

    • Gov wasn’t doing anything: farmers MAD

  • Daniel Shays

    • MA farmer, former captain in continental army

    • Organized militia

    • Uprising was crushed, but demonstrated unhappiness

  • Impact

    • MA couldn’t get federal troops bc there was no president = very scared

    • Bostonians quickly financed militia to put it down

    • Demonstrated AOC flaws (too weak)

What. wasthe XYZ affair?

• XYZ Affair

  • Britain, france go to war

  • France seizes Us hsips going to britain

  • Try to negotiate: 3 french diplomats want bribes (ID’d as X, Y, Z)

What federalist acts did John Adams pass?

• Passes Federalist Acts

  • Naturalization Acts

    • Have to live in the USA for 14 years to be a citizen.

  • Alien Acts

    • Fed deports any non-citizens

    • Targeted at irish/scottish, who were anti-british

  • Sedition Acts

    • Can’t criticize the gov publicly

What were the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions?

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

  • Enraged anti-feds: overreach

  • States can nullify any fed action that goes beyond constitutional basis

How did american culture change for women in this period?

• Women

  • Republican Motherhood

    • Came from “thoughts on female education” from benjamin rush in 1787

    • Moms are the ones who raise awesome sons = moms are awesome

  • Abigail adams

    • Said in letter to john adams (husband) pleaded to give them more rights, away from just being a wife

    • John adams said STFU

  • Impact

    • Massachusetts had academies for girls in 1789

    • Judith Sargent Murray: women advocate

    • Did NOT extend to black women or american indians

      • Natives were matrillineal: BUT men had to fight more against white people so women becamse less important

What was important art during this time?

• Important art

  • Charles Willson Peale

    • Painted george washington

  • Samuel Jennings

    • Incorporated minorities in paintings

  • John Trumbull

    • Light and happy portrayal of historical events (ex. Signing of declaration of independence)

What was important fictitious literature during this time?

• Poor Richard’s Almanac

  • By Benjamin franklin

  • Only the bible outsold it

  • Promoted hard-working values (“a penny saved is a penny earned”)

    • Helped est. america as hard-working rag-tag national identity

• Religion

What was the Virgina Statute of Religious Freedom

by thomas jefferson: separated church and state