Anatomy - Abdomen, Pelvis, and Genitourinary Systems

Practice flashcards covering abdominal and pelvic anatomy, including vascular supply, nervous system, and reproductive organs based on lecture notes.

What are the two muscles found within the rectus sheath?

Rectus abdominis and Pyramidalis

According to the transcript, which vessels are contents of the rectus sheath?

Superior mesenteric artery & vein and Inferior mesenteric artery & vein

What is the length of the inguinal canal?

$$3.8\,cm$$

Where does the internal ring of the inguinal canal lie?

On the transversalis fascia at the midpoint of the inguinal ligament, $1.6\,cm$ above the femoral artery

What structures fuse to form the conjoint tendon?

Internal oblique and Transversus abdominis

Which three fascia layers comprise the spermatic cord?

External spermatic (external oblique aponeurosis), Cremasteric (internal oblique), and Internal spermatic (transversalis fascia)

What are the three arteries found within the spermatic cord?

Testicular (branch of aorta), Vas (branch of inferior vesicle), and Cremasteric (branch of inferior epigastric)

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

Roof: superficial fascia, great saphenous veins, lymph vessels, and fascia lata; Floor: Iliacus, Psoas, Pectineus, and Adductor longus; Medial: Adductor longus; Lateral: Sartorius; Superior: inguinal ligament

Which structure is notably NOT contained within the femoral sheath?

The femoral nerve

What is the diameter and content of the femoral ring?

Diameter is $1.25\,cm$ and it contains fat and lymph nodes (Cloquet’s)

Identify the embryological remnants for the Median and Medial umbilical ligaments.

Median: urachus (remnant of Allantois); Medial: remnant of the umbilical artery

At what vertebral level does the dural sheath terminate?

$$S2$$

Which pelvic joint is NOT a synovial joint?

Symphysis pubis

What landmark defines the termination of the sural sheath and the position of the PSIS?

The dimple just above the buttocks

What are the boundaries of the Greater Sciatic Foramen?

Superior: Sacro-iliac ligament; Inferior: Sacro-spinous ligament; Posteromedial: Sacro-tuberous ligament; Anterolateral: greater sciatic notch

Define the Diagonal Conjugate measurement of the pelvis.

$12.7\,cm$ (measured from the sacral promontory to the lower border of the symphysis pubis)

Which nerve supplies the Piriformis muscle and what is its origin?

Nerve supply $L5\text{--}S4$ (Internal pudendal nerve); Origin is the anterior part of the sacrum, greater sciatic foramen, and anterior surface of the sacro-tuberous ligament

What are the contents of the Cardinal ligaments (Mackenrodt’s ligaments)?

Uterine Artery ($A$) & Vein ($V$)

Which two muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

Levator ani muscle and Coccygeus muscle

What specific glands are contained within the deep perineal pouch in males?

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

What is the length of the Ureters and where do they cross the bladder?

They are $25.4\,cm$ long and cross into the bladder at the ischial spine

Where are the three sites of narrowing in the ureters?

Junction with the renal pelvis, pelvic brim, and ureteric orifices

What defines the boundaries of the trigone of the bladder?

The ureteric orifices and the internal meatus

How does the length of the urethra differ between females and males?

Female: $3.8\,cm$; Male: $25.4\,cm$

What is the prostatic utricle and what is its female equivalent?

A blind tract opening into the colliculus seminalis; it is the equivalent of the vagina

What is the temperature of the scrotum relative to body temperature?

$2.5\,^{\circ}C$ lower than body temperature

Contrast the functions and receptors of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells in the testes.

Sertoli cells: nourish spermatozoa, produce inhibin and estrogen, contain $FSH$ receptors; Leydig cells: produce testosterone, contain $LH$ receptors

Where does the prostatic plexus drain?

Internal iliac vein and the valveless vertebral veins of Batson

What is the length of the anterior and posterior walls of the vagina?

Anterior wall: $7.5\,cm$; Posterior wall: $10\,cm$

What is the normal $pH$ of vaginal fluid and what bacteria maintains it?

$pH$ of $4$, maintained by Doderlein’s bacilli (converting glycogen to lactic acid)

What are the components and proportions of the lower uterine segment in pregnancy?

Isthmus ($70\%$) and Cervix ($30\%$)

What is the length of the fallopian tubes and their four parts?

$10\,cm$ long; parts are Isthmus ($2.5\,cm$), Ampulla ($5\,cm$), Infundibulum ($2.5\,cm$), and Fimbriae

What are the boundaries of the Ovarian Fossa?

Anterior: obliterated umbilical artery; Posterior: internal iliac vessel and ureter; Superior: external iliac vessel

State the fetal skull Biparietal and Mentovertical diameters.

Biparietal: $9.5\,cm$; Mentovertical: $14\,cm$

Which anatomical landmark corresponds to the bifurcation of the aorta?

$$L4$$

From which levels does the Obturator nerve arise and what is its route?

Arises from $L2\text{--}L4$, passes behind common iliac vessels, lateral to internal iliac vessels and ureter, and enters the thigh via the obturator canal

Which nerve provides innervations to the clitoris, bulbospongiosus, and external anal sphincter?

Pudendal nerve ($S2\text{--}S4$)