U.S. History

Brown v. Board of Education

Ended segregation in public schools ("separate but equal" unconstitutional).

Marbury v. Madison

Established Judicial Review = Supreme Court decides if laws are constitutional.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Said African Americans were not citizens; supported slavery; increased tensions before Civil War.

Roe v. Wade

Made abortion legal nationwide; later overturned by Dobbs.

Obergefell v. Hodges

Legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.

Loving v. Virginia

Legalized interracial marriage.

Declaration of Independence

The colonists listed complaints against King George III and explained why they wanted independence.

French and Indian War

Britain went into debt.

Taxation Without Representation

Colonists had no representatives in Parliament.

Salutary Neglect

Britain had ignored colonies for years, so colonists were used to self-government.

common sense

Thomas Paine wrote what encouraging independence

Alien and Sedition Acts

Passed under John Adams: Made it harder for immigrants and illegal to criticize the government.

Impressment

Britain kidnapped American sailors and forced them into British navy service.

Causes of the Civil War

Main Causes: Slavery, States' rights vs federal power, Economic differences North vs South, Abolition movement, Fugitive Slave Act, Election of Abraham Lincoln, Dred Scott Decision.

Religion & Civil War Essay

The Second Great Awakening inspired abolitionists to fight slavery because many believed slavery was morally wrong and against Christianity.

Reconstruction Goals

Rebuild the South after the Civil War and help formerly enslaved people.

Freedmen's Bureau

Helped African Americans with schools, jobs, land.

Gilded Age Meaning

Term created by Mark Twain: 'Covered in gold but rotten underneath.'

Vertical Integration

Owning all steps of production.

Horizontal Integration

Buying competing companies.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Tried to stop monopolies.

AFL

American Federation of Labor; Workers fought for better pay, safer conditions, fewer hours.

Progressive Era Goal

Fix problems caused by industrialization.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption/problems.

Important Laws

Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, FDA created.

World War I Causes

Remember M.A.I.N.: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

Treaty of Versailles

Punished Germany by taking land, limiting military, forcing payments.

Great Depression Causes

Bank failures, Stock market crash, Too many loans, Overproduction.

Franklin D. Roosevelt & New Deal Goal

End the Great Depression.

Important Programs

CCC: Jobs for young men, WPA: Public works jobs, TVA: Electricity and dams, SSA: Social Security for elderly, FDIC: Protects bank deposits.

World War II Causes

Germany invaded Poland.

Atomic Bomb

Manhattan Project created bomb; Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Truman Doctrine

Policy of Containment: Stop spread of communism.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Closest point to nuclear war; Soviet missiles in Cuba; 13-day standoff resolved through negotiation.

John F. Kennedy

"Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country."

Great Society

Programs to fight poverty: Medicare, Medicaid, Food stamps, Student loans; Called the 'War on Poverty.'

Amendments to Know

13th: Ended slavery, 14th: Citizenship rights, 15th: African American men can vote, 18th: Prohibition (banned alcohol), 19th: Women's suffrage, 21st: Repealed Prohibition.

Watergate Scandal

Richard Nixon and his administration broke into Democratic headquarters, covered it up, destroyed evidence; Nixon resigned.

NATO

Alliance against Soviet expansion; If one member is attacked, all respond together.

George Washington's Precedents

Two terms, Cabinet system, 'Mr. President', Hand on Bible, 'So help me God.'

13th ammendment

ended slavery in the United States, prohibiting involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime.

14th amendment

granted equal protection under the law and citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the United States. (citenship rights)

15th amendment

Black men can now voteand prohibits voting discrimination based on race or color.

18th amendment

banned alcohol

19th amendment

women suffrage

21st amendment

now we can have alcohol

monroe doctrine

europe stay out of america

missourie compromise

maine free, Missouri slave

compromise of 1850

popular sovereignty