HY 102 test 2 Beeler

What was the Assembly of Notables (1787)?

Louis XVI's failed attempt to fix finances through the nobles

Who were the three estates in pre-revolutionary France?

1st clergy, 2nd nobility, 3rd commoners

What did Abbé Sieyès argue in What is the Third Estate? (1789)?

"The Third Estate is everything" — sovereignty belongs to the people

What did the National Assembly represent?

The people, not the king

What was the Oath of the Tennis Court (1789)?

Pledge by the National Assembly to write a new constitution

What event symbolized the beginning of the French Revolution?

The Storming of the Bastille

What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man proclaim?

Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression

What was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?

Brought the Catholic Church under state control

What was Olympe de Gouges' main argument?

That women deserved equal rights and education

What did Edmund Burke warn about the French Revolution?

That it would lead to chaos and destroy tradition

What did Thomas Paine defend in The Rights of Man?

The French Revolution; emphasized liberty and equality

What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for?

Education and rational equality for women; The legal code should liberate women from having to submit to husbands

What did the National Convention (1792-1795) accomplish?

Abolished the monarchy and proclaimed a republic

What was the Committee of Public Safety?

A revolutionary government led by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror

What was the Concordat of 1801?

Agreement reconciling France with the Catholic Church

What were the Berlin and Milan Decrees (1806-1807)?

Economic blockades designed to hurt Britain

What was the Continental System?

Failed economic attempt to isolate Britain

What caused Napoleon's downfall?

Nationalism in Europe, invasions, and the failed Russian campaign of 1812

What did James Watt improve?

The steam engine

What was Jeremy Bentham's main idea?

Utilitarianism — "greatest good for the greatest number"

Also got taxidermied

What did Thomas Malthus argue in Essay on Population (1798)?

Population grows faster than food supply, leading to poverty

What is David Ricardo's "Iron Law of Wages"?

Wages naturally stay near subsistence level

Who was Klemens von Metternich?

Austrian conservative who led post-Napoleonic reaction

What was the Congress of Vienna (1815)?

Restored monarchies and balance of power in Europe

What was the Concert of Europe?

Alliance to maintain peace and stability in Europe

What was Romanticism?

Movement celebrating emotion, nature, and national spirit

What were the Carlsbad Decrees (1819)?

Censorship of liberal and nationalist movements in German states

What was the Peterloo Massacre (1819)?

Protesters demanding reform were killed in Manchester

What were the Six Acts (1819)?

British laws suppressing political dissent

Who founded the modern police and repealed the Corn Laws?

Sir Robert Peel

Who led Irish Catholic Emancipation?

Daniel O'Connell

What did the Reform Act of 1832 accomplish?

Extended voting rights to the middle class

What was Chartism (1838)?

Working-class movement demanding suffrage and political reform

What is Liberalism?

Belief in individual freedom, limited government, and property rights

What is Radicalism?

Support for broader reforms, democracy, and sometimes republicanism

What is Nationalism?

Belief that people with common culture/language deserve self-rule

Who wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)?

Friedrich Engels

Who wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848)?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

What did Marx and Engels argue in The Communist Manifesto?

History is class struggle leading to proletarian revolution

What was the Frankfurt Parliament (1848-1849)?

Failed attempt to unify Germany

Who founded the Young Italy movement?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Who led the "Red Shirts" campaigns in Italy?

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Who was Camillo de Cavour?

Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who used diplomacy to unify Italy

Which state led Italian unification?

Piedmont-Sardinia

Who unified Germany through "Blood and Iron"?

Otto von Bismarck

What was the Austro-Prussian War (1866)?

Prussian victory that excluded Austria from German affairs

What was the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)?

Conflict that defeated Napoleon III and created the German Empire

Who was Napoleon III (1852-1870)?

French emperor who modernized France but fell in the Franco-Prussian War

What did Eduard Bernstein advocate for?

Gradual, democratic socialism instead of violent revolution

What did Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine disagree on?

Burke supported tradition and order; Paine defended liberty and equality

How did population growth influence reform movements?

It caused overcrowding, poverty, and led to social and health reforms

What was the major economic transition from 1760-1850?

Shift from agrarian to industrial to urban society

Johann Gottfreid Herder

Believed that all nationalities or ethnic groups possessed a unique national spirit "VOLKGEIST"

Short term causes of the French Revolution

• Influence of American Revolution

• Financial Crisis

• Food Crisis

• Political Deadlock