THE doom FINAL study GUIDE

happy retirement!

pearl harbor

december 7, 1941, in hawaii, bombed by the japanese killed more than 2400 americans, destroyed/heavily damaged 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers, and 200 airplanes, led US to join the war

midway

first battle of planes only, bombing ships, US wins, sunk 3 japanese carriers

iwo jima

viscious fighitng, 13000 deaths, more americans dead than ever before, fought in may 1945

manhattan project

$2 billion project to build the atomic bomb, hidden from congress, led by general leslie groves and scientists j robert oppenheimer, first bomb assembled in los alamos, new mexico, tested at trinity site

atlantic charter

meeting between FDR and churchill, called for economic cooperation, national self-determination, and guarantee of political stability after the war, planning what they were going to do after the war

hiroshima and nagasaki

truman ordered the dropping of atomic bombs on both sites, believing that the japanese would not surrender unless the faced national ruin/invasion, 100,000 died in hiroshima on aug 6 1945 “little boy”, 60,000 died in nagasaki aug 9 1945 “fat man”, japan finally surrenders on sept 2 1945, on the USS missouri

rosie the riveter

illustration by norman rockwell, image that encouraged women to help in the war effort and get jobs in defense industries, women given same pay as men

a philip randolph

threatened massive march on washington DC against the exlucsion of black americans from war jobs, led to FDR’s eo8802

eo8802

created by FDR, prohibiting discrimination in the employment of workers in the defense industry based on race, established the FEPC, african americans benefitted from this

FEPC (fair employment practices commission)

created from eo8802, prevented discrimiatory pay and hiring in wartime industry jobs

bracero program

US brought thousands of mexican contract laborers in US to work on farms for war during labor shortage, paid little and treated poorly, exploited

eo9066

japanese americans were sent to inland states like wyoming and colorado, out of fear from japanese spies, anti-asian sentiment

eisenhower

US general, led allied troops with general george patton and defeated the german afrika korps, led by general erwin rommel

d-day

june 6 1944, allied troops under general eisenhower invaded normandy, france, turning point in the war, driving germans out and liberating france

stalin speech

delivered in february 1946, stalin said war with the capitalist west was inevitable, and soviets wont lose

churchill speech

delivered in fulton, missouri, with truman in the front row, said stalin was rasing an “iron curtain” accross eastern europe from the baltic sea to the adratic sea

george f kennan

american diplomat at the US embassy in moscow, wrote response to stalin’s speech “the long telegram” that was published in the magazine at the foreign affairs, predicted the collapse of communism, proposed containment, truman adopted and believed, led to vietnam and korean war

truman doctrine

march 12 1947, truman asked congress for $300 million for greeze and $100 million for turkey, first example of US foreign aid, communists lose the elections

marshall plan

proposed by secretary of state ‘47-’49 george c marshall, US would aid war torn countries with food, medicine, machinery, and money at the cost of $13 billion, paid by the US taxpayers, passed in march 1948

berlin airlift

US and british pilots save west berlin for almost a year until stalin gives up

NATO (north atlantic treaty organization)

peacetime alliance between 12 nations (us canada belgium france denmark britain iceland italy luxenbourg netherlands norway portugal), an attack on one is an attack on all, west germany joins in 1955, formed in april 1949

NSC-68

document report, described the soviet union in a starkly way, called for americans to pay higher taxes for a new military program to defent against the soviets and develop the hydrogen bomb

mao zedong

led communists in chinese civil war, established the people’s republic of china, wins the civil war, aligns himself with the soviet union

korean war

truman called the war a UN police action, north was communist, south was nationalist, first integrated war, undeclared war, fought wihtout congressional approval, ended in a military armistice signed by eisenhower

dougals macarthur

commanded UN forces in the korean war, led a surprise attack in inchon, giving the UN control of south korea, invaded to the yaluriver causing chinese intervention, fired by truman for wanting a larger all out war with the use of atomic bombs, replaced by ridgeway

taft-hartley act

republicans passed the law despite truman’s veto, overhauled the national labor relations act, weakend the right of workers to organize and collectively bargain, joining unions was optional, allowed states to pass “right-to-work” laws, prohibiting closed shop, forced unions to purge communists

election of 1948

democcratic party was split, left wing progressivist henry a wallace vs dixiecrat south carolina governor strom thurmond vs republican dewey vs democrat truman, truman wins 49.6% of the vote, truman conducts a whistle stop campaign, by train across the midwest towns

fair deal

program proposed by truman, proposed national health insurance, aid for education, housing program, increased social security, higher minimum wage, and an agricutlural problem, most were rejected except minimum wage and soial security

HUAC (house unamerican activities committee)

sparked red scare by holding public hearings on suspected communists in the movie industry and government and business

alger hiss

former FDR state department official at yalta, accused of being a communist spy by former communist whitaker chambers and republican congressman richard nixon, found guilty of lying to congress and sentenced to 5 years in prison

joseph mccarthy

senator of wisconsin, claimed to have a list of communists working in government during a speech in west virginia, robert kennedy worked under truman, almost always targeted democrats, consured by senate for unbecoming conduct, “are you now/ever been a member of the communist party?”

rosenburg trial

julius and ethel rosenberg were convicted of passing atomic secrets to the soviet union, executed, fuled mccarthyism

election of 1952

republican dight d eisenhower goes against democrat adlai stevenson, nixon is VP for eisenhower, eisenhower wins in a landslide

john foster dulles

eisenhower’s secretary of state, achinson’s assistant secretary of state, strong anti-communist

iran

defensive alliance with the US, mohammad mossadegh was elected to lead iran, CIA agents overthrew him after he seized british oil properties, replaced by mohammad reza as sah of iran, had a revolution in 1979

guatemala

CIA led a coup against president jacobo arbenz guzman, who seized land owned by the US united fruit company

election of 1960

democrat JFK vs republican and eisenhower VP nixon, had 4 debates, JFK won to those watching on tv, nixon won to those who listened on the radio, kennedy won a close election with 49.7% of the vote, first catholic president, texas senator lyndon b johnson is VP

new frontier

JFK’s term for the challenges the US faced, program taht helped to improve the economy, education, and advancements in science

bay of pigs

communist fidel castro overthrew the right-wing dictator batista, and declared a revolution, CIA invades the bay of pigs to overthrow fidel castro’s communist rule, US failed

cuban missile crisis

US spotted soviet-build bases for missiles in cuba, kennedy announces a “naval quanratine” blocking soviet ships heading to cuba, soviet ships with missiles turned back, US pledges to not invade cuba, soviets promised to remove missile bases from cuba, closes it came to nuclear war

alan sheppard

first american in space

apollo II

first mission to the moon with neil armstrong and buzz aldrin

john glenn

first american to orbit the earth

kitchen debate

debate between VP nixon and premir khrushchev, nixon argued that the standard of living was higher for americans, having modern homes filled with shiny new consumer products and technology

sputnik

first human made satellite to orbit the Earth, by the soviets

military industrial complex

term made by eisenhower in his farewell address, partnership between US government and business, industries benefitted from government contracts for military supplies (boeing, GE), eisenhower warned of the dangers

i love lucy

1950s television show, traditional gender roles, conformity, cult of domesticity

elvis presley

singer, his hit records were covers of black artists, “hound dog”, “heartbreak hotel”, popularized rock n roll

billy graham

young reverend, televangelist, used TV, radio, and advertising, led crusade in madison square in NY, leading evangelical preacher

baby boom

everyone was having babies after WWII ended, drop in average marriage age, in the 1950’s 3.2 children was the average, peaked in 1957, led to tighter job markets in the 70’s

griswold v connecticut

supreme court delcared laws against contraception to be unconstitutional, inventing the right to privacy

william levitt

homebuilder, responsible for suburbia, using mass production to build cheap homes, first suburb is called levittown on long island in NY, building practices were duplicated across the country

ray kroc

“father” of the fast food franchise/business after acquiring a franchise of a mcdo restaurant from one store in san bernadino to nationwide

sunbelt

line between DC and san francisco, below the line is the sunbelt, above is the frostbelt, with fewer jobs, higher crimes, and racial tension

interstate highway act

signed by eisenhower, most expensive public works act

jackie robinson

first black baseball player and professional athlete, baseball is the first to integrate, dodgers is the first baseball team to integrate

thurgood marshall

denied admission to the university of maryland law school because of his race, goes to howard university, meets charles hamilton houston, teacher is william hastie who was part of the black cabinet and is the first black federal judge, marshall, houston, and hastie join the NAACP to fight segregation in the courts

brown v board of education

1954, supreme court victory, 9-0, declaring school integration, must proceed with “all deliberate speed”, “separate but equal” was unequal and a violation of the 14th amendment, equal protection clause written by earl warrern, former governor of california, becoming cheif justic appointed by eisenhower

little rock

central high school admitted 9 black students, in little rock, arkansas, orval faubus, racist governor of arkansas, calls national guard to prevent the 9 from going to school, part of the southern manifesto, eisenhower meets with faubus who tells eisenhower he’ll change, faubus doesn’t, eisenhower orders 1000 soldiers of the us army 101st airborne division to go to little rock

emmett till

14 year old chicago african american, visiting in mississippi when tortured and murdered, moses wright, the lone witness and uncle, identified and accused 2 white men, all-white jury clained the men were not guilty

montgomery bus boycott

led by mlk jr, montgomery african americans walked and carpooled to work for 381 days, continued until supreme court ruled in 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional

SCLC (southern christain leadership conference)

king, referent abernathy, and dozens of black ministers found SCLC, fought for civil rights, joined the NAACP

ella baker

SCLC administrator, helped organize the SNCC (sudent nonviolent coordiating committee) to facilitate sit-ins by students, worked for new deal agencies and the NAACP

freedom rides

led by CORE, interracial bus trips in the South that challenged segregation on interstate commerce, mostly young activists, Klansmen firebombed and attacked buses in anniston alabama, birmingham, and montgomery, state authorities did nothing, JFK discouraged them, general robert kennedy dispatched federal marshalls

birmingham

letter writen by king, defending nonviolent direct action, argued americans had a moral duty to break segregation

in alabama, bombing of black churches, 16th street baptist church bombing killed 4 black girls, no one is arrested (until 1997), children’s crusade in protest to bombing, black children walk out of school, arrested, and king is arrested

medgar evers

president of mississippi chapter of NAACP, shot in his driveway in jackson by a white supremacist

march on washington

massive demonstration in washington to support kennedy’s civil rights bill, led by randolph and bayard rustin, only changed few congressional votes

civil rights act of 1964

signed by LBJ, outlawed discrimination in employment based on race, religion, national origin, and sex, equal access to public accommodations and schools, created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to implement the law

freedom summer

civil rights campaign in mississippi, led by SNCC activist robert moses, SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC established freedom schools for black children and helped black people vote

bloody sunday

a march from selma alabama to montgomery to protest the murder of a voting-rights activist, led by james bevel of the SCLC, march was attacked with tear gas and clubs by state troopers, shown on national television

voting rights act of 1965

signed by president johnson, outlawed literacy tests, allowed federal government to register voters, allowing millions of african americans to vote

nation of islam

black muslims, embraced black nationalism, founded by elijah muhammad

malcom x

most famous preacher of a new, young, militant movement, that was very strong in northern ghettoes, rejected elijah muhammad, shot to death in NY by 3 black mu

watts

neighborhood in los angeles, 6 days of a race riot, with national guard called to end the violence, killing 34 people by whites and blacks

cesar chavez

worked with dolores huerta, creating the UFW, civil rights activist to improve mexican and migrant workers lives

martin luther king jr

baptist church pastor, embraced ghandli’s teachings, led the montgomery bus boycott

great society

LBJ announced in may 1964, at the university of michigan graduation, a plan to end poverty, racial injustice, renew education, rebuild cities, and restore the environment

john f kennedy

new program called the new frontier, to stop communism abroad and call for a tax cut, anti poverty programs, elderly health insurance, and civil rights, each stalled in congress, murdered nov 22nd, 1963, in dallas texas

war on poverty

LBJ signs the economic opportunity act, federal government will create headstart, job corps, VISTA

election of 1964

republicans nominate conservative arizona senator berry goldwater, who opposed liberalism and liberal-republican NY governor nelson rockefeller, democrats nominate LBJ and liberal senator hubert humphrey for VP, LBJ wins 61% of the vote, in a landslide

miranda v arizona

establishing that the Fifth Amendment requires police to inform suspects in custody of their right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during interrogation, ensuring protection against coerced self-incriminati

ESEA (elementary and secondary education act)

gave $1 billion in federal funds for teacher training and educational programs, helping poor children, sgned by LBJ

medicare

health insurance plan for the elderly, funded on social security payroll taxes, created by LBJ

medicaid

health insurance plan for the poor, funded by state tax revenues, by LBJ

betty friedan

writes the Femenine Mystique, argued that many housewives in the suburbs were not happy and lived unfulfilled lives, women needed education and work outside the home

NOW (national organization for women)

founded by friedan and other labor femenists, fought for women’s civil rights and bringing more women to be involved in society alongside men

gulf of tonkin

north viet boats fired on US destroyer Maddox in agust 1965, congress passes the gulf of tonkin resolution, giving LBJ the ability to use any measures necessary, escalating the war

william westmoreland

US general in vietnam, led US forces to stabilize south vietnam

operation rolling thunder

massive bombing campaign against north vietnam, twice as many bombs as the amount dropped on WII, north vietnamese strengthened their morale, strengthened will to fight

william fulbright

ciritx of the war, chair on the senate of foreigjn relations committee, challenged the johnson administration’s policy and its “credibility gap”

tet offensive

north viets do a suprise attack on vietnamese new year, jan 30th, 1968, struck 5/6 major cities including saigon, failed with heavy vietcome loses, many begin seeing the war is unwinnable

robert f kennedy (this is my goat.)

june 5 1968 shot dead at young palestinian sirhan sirhan

election of 1968

republican nominee nixon vs third party canidate george wallace vs democrat nominee humphrey, nixon wins 43.5% of the vote by using the “southern strategy” to get southern white voters, campaigning against the antiwar movement, riots, and protests

title IX

prohibited colleges and univerisites that had federal funding from discriminating based on sex, led to increase in women’s athletics

cambodia

US began bombing vietcong supply lines and enemy bases in neutral comban in april 1970, led to protests in kent state in ohio, leaving 4 dead, and jackson state college, mississippi, killing two black students

detente

easing tensions with the soviet union and china

SALT I (strategic arms limitation treaty)

signed by nixon and premier brezhew, resolving tensions over cuba and berlin

paris peace accords

signed on january 27, 1973, official ending US military involvement in the vietnam war

OPEC (organization of petroleum exportinc countries)

middle eastern and oil-rich developing countries formed a cartel to cnotrol the supply and price of oil

yom kippur war

1973, egypt and syria invade israel to regain lost territory on the holy jewish day, israel gets aided by US airlifts and wins, arab states in the OPEC delcared an oil embargo in response, spiking US gas prices, and long gas station lines