HDFS 2300 Mizzou Exam 3

Understand the point made about considering Native Americans as one group versus diversity within the group (this point applies to all cultural groups)

- Native Americans do not like to be considered one group, they see themselves as having a lot of diversity, but also having things in common when compared to the mainstream. (keep diversity in mind)

- There are many different tribes and their values vary between them.

- Native Americans themselves feel a commonality with other Native Americans rather than the mainstream they are typically clumped together as one group by the mainstream so they do typically see themselves as similar

- Just because one thing happens in a group does not mean it will always be that way in an individual.

Understand government policy regarding Native Americans (assimilation and separation/"sanctuaries")

- Thought of as a threat in early 1800's

- In early 1800s, there was an assimilation policy that was predominant where kids were placed into boarding schools.

- In the 1900s, separation started to be used more, but not a drastic change.

- Boarding schools still existed till the 70's.

- The kids were taught to leave behind their traditions and take on mainstream views and behaviors.

Be able to relate Schwartz's values to Native-American Values (e.g., harmony vs. mastery, autonomy vs. conservatism or individualism vs. collectivism)

- Collectivism, conservatism, and harmony are valued in most Native American tribes.

- Harmony - Native Americans adjusts themselves to suite the environment

- Competition and effort at school: Native American students think of themselves as a group; competition isn't really looked upon.: no clear evidence

- Competition frowned upon.

Understand the points made about family organization

- The elders within the community are highly respected

- The men and women usually have varying roles within the family structure and it varies between tribes

Understand the roles and characteristics of extended family, including fictive kin

- Men are always involved in socializing children and taking good care of them.

- Fictive kin live together and execute traditional family organization/child rearing.

- Fictive kin are involved in raising children.

- Fictive kin (people considered relatives but not related by blood), could be the primary caregiver.

Understand the qualities that Native-Americans attempt to instill in children (self-sufficiency/collectivism)

- Native Americans expect children to care for younger siblings at earlier ages because it fits with expectations regarding the collectivist value of children helping to achieve familial goals.

- Children are also taught to be more cooperative, have high respect for leadership (and see leadership as individuals who serve others), see assertiveness as a negative trait

- Children are expected to be self-sufficient (dressing themselves, helping w/ chores,) at an earlier age than in other groups.

Know the points about elders

- More respected than in the mainstream

- Elder people are looked up to and often are thought of as being wise and consulted when communities make decisions.

- More reverence given to elders in Native American cultures

- High rates of poverty for elderly people. The elder's relatives might all move to an urban area

- Often pass down important skills

Have an understanding of gender roles; also understand the points made about single female families

- Gender roles vary between each tribe.

- Men are more involved in socializing and disciplining and are more likely to participate in military

- Women are more valued in-group, 68+% single female Native-American families in poverty, children belong to women however may be primary caregiver other than biological mother/father

Know the basic point about health care: traditional and mainstream methods

- Most Native Americans are willing to receive mainstream healthcare but still participate in some traditional methods of medicine first

Know how religion and everyday life are related

- Religion has a large impact on daily life

- Religion is a cultural strength

Understand the points about habits of communication

- Not saying anything if they don't have anything to say is a sign of respect for them which can come off as non-respectful in the U.S.

- Show respect by not making direct eye contact or asking direct questions

- Believe it's more appropriate to deal with conflict by using a third person to communicate between two people

Know why it is important to examine variation within a given subcultural group

- Minority groups are distinct, different from mainstream norm but not necessarily dysfunction

- Need to look at a group's background

- Differences passed down from culture of origin

- Differences of experiences within America

- Emphasizes context

Know why it is important to consider the contextual forces that influence a given subcultural group

- contextual influences today, especially difference in subordination to majority group

- It is important to consider contextual forces that influence a given subcultural group because they influence the groups.

Understand how contextual forces influenced gender roles in the era prior to emancipation and the era post emancipation

- In the era post emancipation, African American families migrated to the northeast, and women found it easier to obtain jobs compared to men. Thus women started to take on the "breadwinning" role; gender roles were relatively egalitarian

Know which families formed the basis of the early (post-emancipation) African-American middle class

- Women were allowed to get jobs.

- Oftentimes, women were the ones who mainly provided for the family.

- The family structure was a nuclear family structure.

- The African American women served as provider, and religion was important

- Indentured servants and African Americans who were free formed the basis of the African American middle class

Moynihan's explanation for high rates of poverty in African American families (know the chain of events that he proposes)

- (slavery- gender roles/family values - marital instability - family structure - poverty)

- He believes that slavery led to nontraditional gender roles/family values which led to marital instability because often times husbands feel like they can't provide for the family which can then lead to poverty.

- The Husbands gender role in the family is protector and provider according to Moynihan this role being threatened caused marital disputes and other issues which later led to more single female families in poverty.

- These non traditional gender roles are what led to families into poverty in Moynihan's eyes.

Type of approach (e.g., equivalent, deviant/deficit, variant) Moynihan's arguments most strongly resemble

- The Deficit approach. Moynihan argued that men needed to play the lead role in the family and be the strength in the family structure. If this didn't happen then there would be martial instability followed by poverty.

Problems with Moynihan's arguments

- The predominant family structure after emancipation was nuclear families. There was no elevation of single female families. And contextual factors like discrimination are completely ignored.

Know the cultural variant arguments (Stack), regarding discrimination affecting poverty, and how poverty in turn can affect family structure. Know the "links" in the chain and the points in support of the argument

- The links in the chain: Discrimination and racism, unequal opportunity leads to higher levels of poverty, causes marital instability, family structure issues which causes reliance on extended kin networks

Racism and unequal opportunities -> higher poverty -> marital instability -> family structure

- It is not our values that cause poverty but rather discrimination and racism that lead to unequal opportunity.

Implicit racism

- Automatic, unaware negative assumptions, and behavior

- usually believe actions and thoughts are fair

- noticeable in actions, not in language

- Ex. Fazio Studies

- Associating words synonymous to bad with faces that seem to be African American or taking longer to decide which category word (shown after African American face) fits into

- Difference between implicit and explicit racism is the types of behavior

difference between "authoritarian" or "strict" parenting and "no-nonsense" parenting

- Authoritarian parenting: restrictive control (obedience, respect for authority), lack of warmth and negotiation

- No-Nonsense parenting: strict, obey without question, emotionally warm

Know the points made about confronting discrimination when raising children

Talk about discrimination & speak out against it confidently.

- But, also say to your children that there's all sorts of examples of cultural strength, as well as specific people of African background that have been successful.

Points about values, behaviors, and strengths: diversity, family support/collectivism, egalitarianism/flexibility, and religion

- Cultural diversity: one parents might come direct from Africa, one might be from South America, etc.

- Many different food, traditions, and more to celebrate.

- Family support /Collectivism: African American families tend to utilize their extended family networks to better support children. This is considered a strength because it allows for more support for all involved.

- Egalitarianism /Flexibility: African American families tend to have flexibility in gender and hierarchical roles to best provide for the family. They emphasize more on better outcomes rather than how things are supposed to be.

Cultural equivalent approach

Visible minority groups no different from the mainstream majority; "We are all the same"

- Difficulties with this approach are it ignores minorities; we are all NOT the same; there are cultural difference

Cultural deviant/deficit approach

Minority groups are distinct; Compares minority groups to mainstream ("normal")

- One needs to do things that are done in the mainstream in order to succeed

- Assimilation desirable (values)

- Reflects natural tendency to explain behaviors in terms of internal attributes; ignores situation/context

- Weakness: This approach doesn't take into consideration culture or circumstances, it ignores context;

- for example, Latinos have higher rates of dropouts because they could be going through financial strugglesIt doesn't look at variation within the group, groups can have different ways of succeeding

Cultural variant approach

Minority groups are distinct from mainstream norm, are not necessarily signs of dysfunction

- Views minority groups on their own terms

- variations within group emphasized

Sources of differences:

- Differences passed down from culture of origin

- Differences in experience within America

- Contextual influences today, especially differences in subordination to majority group (discrimination); difference in SES

Individualized racism

How an individual thinks, acts, and behaves toward another cultural group

• EX: Jake treats African Americans differently because he doesn’t like them

Institutional racism

Someone in power is racist. They could they could force their employees to also follow their racist ideals

• any institution in society, could be a law

• EX: Target employer forces employees to rip up resumes of African American individuals

Silent racism

Nothing verbal is said instead the behavior is racist

• EX: moving to the other side of the road when you see an African American man

• EX: zipping your purse when you see an African American man/women

Internalized racism

An individual talks down or uses stereotypes associated with their race

• EX: A young African American boy says people like him don't go to college