Euro After 1800 Exam #3 Review

Practice flashcards covering key figures, terms, and works from the Euro After 1800 Exam #3 transcript, focusing on 20th-century music and postmodernism.

What was the House Committee on Un-American Activities?

A government committee that investigated possible communist ties during the $1940 ext{s}$-$70 ext{s}$.

Who composed 'Into the Streets, May First' and what did it indicate?

Aaron Copland; the protest song indicated his political beliefs.

Who were Bebe and Louis Barron and what was their contribution to 'Forbidden Planet' ($1956$)?

A tech music couple who scored the film; they were not given credit because their work was synthesized electronic music and not technically considered music at the time.

Who is Wendy Carlos and what is her famous composition?

A computer engineer who composed 'Switched on Bach' ($1968$) using a synthesizer.

What is 'musique concrète'?

Music based on sounds that we already have or make, pioneered by audio engineer Pierre Schaeffer.

Which composer wrote 'Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima' ($1960$)?

Krzyzstov Penderecki

What are 'extended techniques' in contemporary classical music?

Unconventional methods of producing sound on musical instruments or the voice.

What is 'micropolyphony' and who is it associated with?

A compositional technique involving many independent lines that create a dense, polyphonic texture, associated with György Ligeti.

What are 'microtones'?

Intervals smaller than a semitone.

What is a 'monophonic keyboard'?

A synthesizer designed to only play $1$ note or key at a time.

What was the first synthesizer available for purchase and sale?

The Moog synthesizer

What is the distinction between 'diegetic music' and 'non-diegetic music'?

In diegetic music, the characters can hear the music; in non-diegetic music, the characters cannot hear it.

Who is John Cage and what is his most famous piece of indeterminate music?

An American Composer ($1912$-$1992$) who pioneered indeterminate music and wrote '4'33"', which consists of $4$ minutes and $33$ seconds of silence.

What is 'indeterminacy of composition'?

When a composer uses chance to write a piece of music.

What does 'prepared piano' involve?

Turning a piano into a percussion ensemble by placing objects within it.

What is 'pluralism' in a musical context?

A musical approach that embraces a variety of styles, techniques, and genres, often coexisting within a single work.

Who is known for the development of 'polystylism'?

Alfred Schnittke, a Russian composer who blended various musical traditions and techniques.

What is a 'tone cluster'?

A musical chord consisting of a group of adjacent pitches played simultaneously to create a dense, dissonant sound.

What were the Attica Prison riots of $1971$?

A significant uprising at the Attica Correctional Facility in New York highlighting issues of prison reform and inmates' rights.

Who was Sam Melville?

A key figure and prisoner in the Attica Prison riot who became a prominent voice for inmates' demands.

What is 'phase minimalism'?

A concept where repetitive patterns are gradually altered or phased in and out, exemplified by Steve Reich's 'Piano Phase'.

What is 'additive minimalism'?

A style that emphasizes simplicity and minimal elements, building complexity through the addition of layers.

What is the contribution of Bell Laboratories to music?

They are a research organization known for innovations in technology and contributions to computer music.

Who is Charles Dodge and what is he known for?

An American composer known for his work in computer music and speech synthesis, such as 'Speech Songs' ($1972$).

What is 'speech synthesis'?

The artificial production of human speech by a computer.

What is 'Mickey mousing'?

A technique in animation and film scoring where the music closely follows the actions of the characters on screen.

What defines 'Postmodernism' in a cultural context?

A movement emerging in the mid-$20 ext{th}$ century characterized by skepticism towards grand narratives and an embrace of diversity.

Who is Caroline Shaw and what group is she associated with?

An American composer and vocalist known for her work with the vocal ensemble Roomful of Teeth; she won the Pulitzer Prize for Music.

What is 'file card composition' used by John Zorn?

A method of composing music using index cards to organize ideas or sections, allowing for flexibility and experimentation.

What is 'I Buried Paul' associated with?

An urban legend regarding the supposed death of Paul McCartney and clues left in Beatles songs.