Exam 5 Pearson

ch. 27, 28, 29

Which of the following is considered a role of primary sex organs?

production of sex hormones

secretions for copulation

site of fertilization

copulation

production of sex hormones

Viable sperm production is optimal below the body's core temperature.

True

False

True

Sperm are produced in the __________.

seminiferous tubules

epididymis

ejaculatory duct

ductus deferens

seminiferous tubules

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following best describes the role they play?

They contract to allow ejaculation.

They regulate the temperature of the testes.

They are responsible for penile erection.

They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens.

They regulate the temperature of the testes.

Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm cells and urine?

urethra

ejaculatory duct

epididymis

ductus (vas) deferens

urethra

Which male reproductive structure is NOT correctly matched with its function?    

epididymis: produces sperm

bulbo-urethral gland: neutralizes urethra before ejaculation

seminal gland: produces semen

ductus deferens: carries sperm toward ejaculation

epididymis: produces sperm

Which of the following glands are responsible for producing 70% of semen volume?

the seminal glands

the pituitary

the bulbo-urethral glands

the prostate

the seminal glands

Which of the following is the final product of spermiogenesis?

type B daughter cells

secondary spermatocytes

sperm

spermatids

sperm

The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as a __________ chromosome number.

23; haploid

23; diploid

46; haploid

46; diploid

23; haploid

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.

they are about the same size

they have the same number of chromosomes

they have the same degree of motility

about the same number of each is produced per month

they have the same number of chromosomes

What is the function of the blood testis barrier?

to provide only select nutrients to the developing sperm

to filter out male sex hormones

to ensure that semen contains only sperm and seminal fluid

to prevent activation of the immune system of the male against the developing sperm

to prevent activation of the immune system of the male against the developing sperm

What is the testicular target for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

spermatogonia

sustentocytes (Sertoli cells)

spermatozoa

interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells)

sustentocytes (Sertoli cells)

Which hormone promotes the formation of male secondary sex characteristics such as the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair; enhanced hair growth on the chest; and a deepening voice?

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

testosterone

luteinizing hormone (LH)

testosterone

The release of __________ encourages sustentocytes to release __________.

follicle-stimulating hormone; androgen-binding protein

luteinizing hormone; testosterone

luteinizing hormone; androgen-binding protein

inhibin; testosterone

follicle-stimulating hormone; androgen-binding protein

What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?

uterine (fallopian) tube

uterus

cervical canal

vagina

uterine (fallopian) tube

Which layer of the uterus is made of smooth muscle?

myometrium

endometrium

mesometrium

perimetrium

myometrium

Which structure(s) of the female's external genitalia has/have erectile tissue?

clitoris

mons pubis

labia minora

labia majora

clitoris

The __________ is shed during each menstruation and is then regenerated by the __________.

basal layer of the endometrium; functional layer of the endometrium

myometrium; perimetrium

functional layer of the endometrium; basal layer of the endometrium

functional layer of the endometrium; myometrium

functional layer of the endometrium; basal layer of the endometrium

Fertilization generally occurs in the ________.

uterus

vagina

uterine tubes

ovary

uterine tubes

Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg?

myometrium

functional layer of the endometrium

basal layer of the endometrium

perimetrium

functional layer of the endometrium

The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.

True

False

True

What part(s) of the breast produce(s) milk?

lactiferous ducts

alveoli

areola

lactiferous sinus

alveoli

What is the main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in terms of meiosis?

The number of functional gametes produced is different.

Oogenesis produces three polar bodies, while spermatogenesis produces only one.

Oogenesis does not include a second meiotic division.

Oogenesis takes place in the uterus, while spermatogenesis takes place in gonadal tissue.

The number of functional gametes produced is different.        

Why does only one egg, rather than four eggs, develop during oogenesis, given that spermatogenesis results in four sperm formed from one stem cell?

The egg does not go through the meiotic division processes that the sperm undergo.

Once formed, spermatids, but not oocytes, undergo additional rounds of division by mitosis.

Only one egg can be fertilized at a time.

Unequal cytoplasmic division ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus.

Unequal cytoplasmic division ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus.

Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during __________.

pregnancy

the luteal phase

the follicular phase

ovulation

the follicular phase

A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation.

progesterone

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

estrogen

luteinizing hormone (LH)

luteinizing hormone (LH)

What structure is the target for gonadotropin stimulation occurring during the events that lead to ovulation?

vesicular follicles

pituitary gland

the endometrium

the corpus luteum

vesicular follicles

During what phase of the female's uterine cycle is the uterine lining shed?

proliferative phase

preovulatory phase

secretory, or postovulatory, phase

menstrual phase

menstrual phase

Normally menstruation occurs when ________.

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

the corpus luteum secretes estrogen

blood levels of FSH fall off

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT ________.

a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation

estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle

FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation

FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

The critical factor that determines gender during development is ________.

presence of progesterone

lack of an X chromosome

inhibition of estrogen

the SRY gene

the SRY gene

Once sperm are deposited into the vagina, the sperm's motility must be enhanced and they must be prepared to release hydrolytic enzymes from their acrosomes.  What is this process called?

cortical reaction

fertilization

capacitation

acrosomal reaction

capacitation

Which of the following is the first barrier that must be penetrated by the sperm in order to fertilize an oocyte?

corona radiata

oocyte plasma membrane

zona pellucida

extracellular space

corona radiata

What is the name for the period of time that extends from the last menstrual period until birth, which is approximately 280 days?

an embryo

a gestation period

the conceptus

pregnancy

a gestation period

How long is the secondary oocyte viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated?

24-36 hours

36-72 hours

12-24 hours

a full week

12-24 hours

Select the correct statement about fertilization.

Once inside the uterus, most sperm are protected and remain viable.

Millions of sperm are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.

If estrogen is present, the pathway through the cervical opening is blocked from sperm entry.

Both sperm and the ovulated secondary oocyte remain viable for about 72 hours in the female reproductive tract.

Millions of sperm are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.

At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?

ovulation

puberty

fertilization

implantation

fertilization

In the block to polyspermy, fusion of the sperm and oocyte plasma membranes causes ________ levels in the oocyte's cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction.

sodium ion

ATP

calcium ion

phosphate ion

calcium ion

The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period.

True

False

True

A zygote is usually formed within the uterus.

True

False

True

The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ________.

zygote, morula, blastocyst

zygote, blastocyst, morula

blastocyst, morula, zygote

morula, zygote, blastocyst

zygote, morula, blastocyst

The "fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells" stage of development is the blastocyst.

True

False

True

What cellular area shown in the figure secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

embryoblast

cytotrophoblast

the entire blastocyst

syncytiotrophoblast

syncytiotrophoblast

Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form?

amnion

placenta

yolk sac

chorion

placenta

amnion

placenta

yolk sac

chorion

placenta

Human chorionic gonadotropin helps to maintain the corpus luteum for the entire gestational period.

True

False

False

A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect growth hormone (GH) levels in a woman's blood or urine.

True

False

False

Which primary germ layer gives rise to the nervous system?

endoderm

sclerotome

ectoderm

mesoderm

ectoderm

Which fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium so as to bypass the nonfunctional lungs?

ligamentum arteriosum

ductus arteriosus

ductus venosus

foramen ovale

foramen ovale

     Based on the function of the extraembryonic membranes, which of these problems would likely develop if there were a deficiency in the yolk sac?    

lack of umbilical cord formation and umbilical attachment to the urinary bladder

lack of development of the embryo

lack of blood cells for the early embryo

loss of amniotic fluid

lack of blood cells for the early embryo

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary germ layers?

gastroderm

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

gastroderm

Which of the following is the primary germ layer that forms the basis for the musculoskeletal system?

gastroderm

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of __________.

cells of the mesoderm that form the heart and blood vessels

pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs

venous shunts, which serve to bypass the liver sinusoids

cells of the somatic mesoderm, which help to form the dermis of the skin

pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs

Which of the following incorrectly matches an embryonic structure with its function?

amnion: protects embryo against physical trauma and helps maintain homeostatic temperature

yolk sac: provides nutrients to developing embryo

allantois: serves as the structural base for the umbilical cord

chorion: forms fetal part of placenta

yolk sac: provides nutrients to developing embryo

Of the three primary germ layers, the mesoderm forms the most body parts.

True

False

True

A dangerous complication of pregnancy called __________ results in an insufficient placental blood supply, which can starve a fetus of oxygen. The pregnant woman becomes edematous and hypertensive, and proteinuria occurs.

dystocia

dyspnea

parturition

preeclampsia

preeclampsia

As pregnancy continues, the increasing bulkiness of the anterior abdomen changes the woman's center of gravity, possibly causing an accentuated lumbar curvature called ________.

hunchback

lordosis

kyphosis

scoliosis

lordosis

What role does oxytocin play in promoting labor?

Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract.

Oxytocin stimulates the myometrial cells of the uterus to form oxytocin receptors.

Oxytocin antagonizes progesterone’s quieting influence on uterine muscle.

Oxytocin promotes the formation of gap junctions between the uterine smooth muscle cells.

Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract.

During what stage is the afterbirth delivered?

expulsion stage

engagement

placental stage

dilation stage

placental stage

A lack of _____ can, without treatment, lead to _____ in premature infants.

surfactant; alveolar collapse

oxygen; suffocation

surfactant; lung overinflation

oxytocin; pneumothorax

surfactant; alveolar collapse

Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ________ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat.

meconium

colostrum

prolactin

bilirubin

colostrum

__ = Leads to the development of morula and then a blastocyst

Cleavage

__= Embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.

Implantation

__= Leads to the formation of the first cell of the new individual.

Fertilization

__=Leads to the establishment of the three primary germ layers.

Gastrulation

__= Leads to enhancement of sperm motility and increasing membrane fragility to enable enzyme release from acrosomes.

Capacitation

Your genotype is a description of your combination of alleles for a given phenotype.

True

False

True

__ = Actual genetic makeup

Genotype

__ __ = A chromosome pair that may be very different in size

Sex Chromosomes

__ = Genes not expressed unless they are present in homozygous condition.

Recessive

__ = Situation in which an individual has identical alleles for a particular trait.

Homozygous

__ = Genes for the same trait that have different expressions.

Allele

__ = The gene allele that suppresses or masks the expression of the other allele.

Dominant

__= Situation in which an individual has different alleles making up the genotype for a particular trait.

Heterozygous

__= Chromosomes regulating most body characteristics.

Autosomes

Recessive genes are usually expressed in humans only when ________.

they are coding for genetic diseases

the organism is in the embryonic stage

they are coding for skin color

both alleles for the gene are exactly the same, or homozygous

both alleles for the gene are exactly the same, or homozygous

An individual who is heterozygous for a particular trait, yet expresses both alleles of that trait, is demonstrating an example of ________.

recessive inheritance

incomplete dominance

dominance

sex-linked inheritance

incomplete dominance

Hereditary characteristics are transmitted to offspring by genes.

True

False

True

What is the result of one chromatid segment forming a chiasma with a homologous chromatid segment?

sex chromosomes

homologous chromosomes

homozygous chromosomes

recombinant chromosomes

recombinant chromosomes

Using the information provided in this figure, what is the probability of these parents producing a homozygous dominant offspring?

0%

25%

50%

75%

25%

The character that produces albinism has been attributed to a single recessive allele, a. Using the information provided in this figure, what is the probability of these heterozygous parents producing an offspring who carries an allele for albinism?

25%

50%

75%

100%

75%

Using the information provided in this figure, what is the probability of heterozygous parents carrying the recessive allele for albinism producing an offspring who expresses the albino phenotype?

25%

50%

75%

100%

25%

Which of the following terms applies to a continuous phenotypic variation between two extremes?

incomplete dominance

polygenic inheritance

multiple-allele inheritance

sex-linked inheritance

polygenic inheritance

Which of the following human conditions best exemplifies polygenic inheritance?

hemophilia

sickle-cell trait

height

red-green color blindness

height

__ __ = : Inheritance that results in continuous or qualitative phenotypic variations between two extremes; an example is skin color.

Polygenic Inheritance

___-___ ___ = : Inheritance of the ABO blood group type is an example of this type of inheritance.

Multiple-Allele Inheritance

___-___ ___ = : Inherited traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes.

Sex-Linked Inheritance

__ __ = : The heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between those of the homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive.

Incomplete Dominance

__ - __ __ = : The dominant gene is expressed when present; the recessive gene is expressed only in the absence of the dominant gene.

Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Which type of inheritance involves genes not located on autosomal chromosomes?

incomplete dominance inheritance

multiple-allele inheritance

polygene inheritance

sex-linked inheritance

sex-linked inheritance

The expression of all physical traits is strictly due to the inheritance of specific genes.

True

False

False