science term 3 Full

Nitrogen

A chemical element with an atomic number of $7$ and an atomic mass of $14.0067$.

Infrared radiation

Electromagnetic waves that are felt as heat and can cause the skin to burn.

X-rays

Radiation that damages cells, causing mutations which may lead to cancer, as well as cell death.

CHNOPS

An acronym representing the $6$ elements found in the human body.

Ultraviolet (UV) Wavelength

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with a wavelength ranging from $10^{-7}$ to $10^{-8}\text{ meters}$.

UV-C

The most harmful subdivision of ultraviolet rays, which are almost completely absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere.

UV-B

The harmful subdivision of ultraviolet rays responsible for causing sunburn.

Heat

Energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature, flowing from the hotter body to the colder one.

Heat Transfer

A discipline of thermal engineering concerning the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems.

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

The classification of thermal energy exchange including thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes.

EMF Safeguard: Distance

A safety tip suggesting that sources of electromagnetic fields should be kept at a distance to avoid harmful effects.

Nitrogen

An element identified in the notes with an atomic number of $7$ and an atomic mass of $14.0067$.

Nuclear fission

A form of energy occurring inside the Earth's core.

Nuclear fusion

A form of energy occurring in the Sun and stars.

Mechanical energy

Forms of energy exemplified by a leaping frog or a moving car.

Thermal energy

Energy associated with heat, such as melting ice cream or heating soup.

Chemical energy

Energy stored in substances, such as the food people eat or a match being struck.

Electrical energy

Forms of energy exemplified by power lines and lightning.

Electromagnetic energy

Forms of energy that include visible light, infrared radiation, and radio waves.

Energy Transformations

Processes that convert energy from one type, such as kinetic, gravitational potential, or chemical, into another form; also known as energy conversion.

Energy (Physics Definition)

A quantity that provides the capacity to perform work or provides heat.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of radiation types including Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-ray, and Gamma.

Radio waves

The type of electromagnetic radiation with the longest wavelength.

Gamma rays

The type of electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelength.

Wavelength and Energy Relationship

In the electromagnetic spectrum, energy levels increase as the wavelength decreases.

Nitrogen

An element with the atomic number $7$ and an atomic mass of $14.0067$.

Reactants (Substrates)

The starting materials in a chemical reaction, shown on the left side of the equation, such as $2H_2(g) + O_2(g)$.

Yield

Represented by the arrow ($\rightarrow$) in a chemical equation, indicating the transformation from reactants to products.

Products

The resulting substances formed in a chemical reaction, such as $C_6H_{12}O_6(s) + 6 O_2(g)$ in photosynthesis.

Coefficients

The numbers placed in front of chemical formulas (e.g., the $6$ in $6 CO_2(g)$) used to denote the number of molecules or atoms involved to balance the equation.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is identified by looking at the number of moles of each reactant to determine which will be consumed first.

Molar Mass

A conversion factor used to convert given information into moles when determining the limiting reagent.

Combination (Synthesis) Reaction

A basic type of chemical reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single product.

Decomposition Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

Single-Replacement (Single-Displacement) Reaction

A reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound.

Double-Replacement (Double-Displacement) Reaction

A chemical reaction where two compounds exchange components to form two new compounds.

Combustion Reaction

A basic type of chemical reaction typically involving a substance reacting with oxygen.

Acid-Base Reaction

One of the six common types of chemical reactions, classified based on the interaction between reactants to form products.

Solution

A homogeneous (blended) mixture consisting of $2$ or more substances.

Solute

The dissolved species in a solution; it is the smaller component of the mixture.

Solvent

The dissolving agent in a solution; it is the larger component of the mixture.

Nitrogen

An element with an atomic weight of $14.0067$.

State of Matter

One of the distinct forms in which matter can exist, generally described on the basis of qualities that can be seen or felt.

Solid

Matter that feels hard and maintains a fixed shape.

Liquid

Matter that feels wet and maintains its volume but not its shape.

Gas

Matter that can change both shape and volume and has particles that are widely spaced and very compressible.

Bose–Einstein condensates

A state of matter that only occurs in extreme situations such as ultra cold matter.

Neutron-degenerate matter

A state of matter that only occurs in extreme situations such as ultra dense matter.

Ionization

The process through which a gas changes into plasma.

Deionization

The process through which a plasma changes into gas.

Physical Properties

Characteristics such as color, shape, size, density, amount, and volume.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics such as flammability, rusting, burning, corrosion, and reactivity.

Physical change

A change where the appearance or form of the matter changes but the kind of matter in the substance does not, often being reversible if sufficient energy is supplied.

Chemical change

A change where the kind of matter changes and at least one new substance with new properties is formed, always accompanied by the absorption or evolution of energy.

Chemical formula

A notation that tells you how many atoms of each element is in a molecule, such as $H_2O$ for water.

Compound

A substance made up of a definite proportion of two or more elements.

Hydrogen

The lightest element and an explosive gas that makes up $90\%$ of atoms in the universe.

CHNOPS

The elements humans are made of, listed as Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphurus, and Sulphate.

Phosphorus

An element found in rock formations and ocean sediments as phosphate salts, primarily used in the formation of bones and teeth.

Molecular Formula

Also known as the true formula, it tells the actual number of the different elements in one molecule of a compound using subscripts to show numbering.

Subscript

The small number to the lower right of an element symbol in a chemical formula indicating the number of atoms for that element.

Conservation of Mass

A principle in chemical equations involving the balance between reactants and products.

Reactants

The starting substances in a chemical reaction that undergo change.

Products

The new substances formed as a result of a chemical change.

Nitrogen Atomic Number

$$7$$

Nitrogen Atomic Mass

$$14.0067$$

Atom

The smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element and is considered the basic building block of matter.

Molecule

A group of atoms clustered together.

Atom size

Typically around $100\,\text{picometers}$ across.

Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle that exists in spherical shells of various radii representing energy levels.

Proton

A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of every atom with a positive electrical charge equal and opposite to that of the electron.

Neutron

An extremely dense subatomic particle found in the nucleus of every atom except simple hydrogen that has no electrical charge.

Atomic Nucleus

The center of an atom consisting of neutrons and protons held together by the nuclear strong force.

Quarks

Elementary particles that manifest as protons and neutrons.

Baryons

Stable combinations of hadrons held in association by the nuclear strong force.

Electron Energy Levels

Represented by the radii of spherical shells, where a larger shell indicates higher energy contained in the electron.