Kines exam 2 L06

arteries

carry blood containing oxygen to our body from the heart

veins

carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other wastes away from our body and towards the heart

how much of a person’s weight is blood

about 8%

how much of blood is made up of plasma

55%

plasma

about 90% is water, carrying a pH of 7.4; the other 8-10% are proteins, albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and other things

what are the five types of white blood cells

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

where are blood cells produced

red bone marrow

about how many erythrocytes are there in the blood

5 million/mcL

about how many leukocytes are there in the blood

5,000-10,000/mcL

about how many thrombocytes are there in the blood

150,000-450,000/mcL

erythrocytes main function

carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin

leukocytes main function

phagocytosis

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes; main agranulocyte that performs phagocytosis

granulocytes

eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils; present in elevated numbers when somebody is having an allergic reaction

thrombocytes main function

hemostasis

hemostasis

the prevention of blood loss through coagulation (blood clotting)

clotting cascade

chemical mediators are release by the damaged tissue to promote hemostasis and coagulation

how are blood types determined

by looking at the surface proteins on our RBCs

what is the most common blood type

Type O blood (43%)

Which blood type is the universal donor

Type O blood because it has no antigens and will not trigger an immune response if the recipient has a different blood type

which blood type is the universal recipient

AB+ blood

Antigens (Ag)

foreign particles that provoke an immune response

Antibodies (Ig)

blood proteins that are part of the immune system and protect against specfic antigens

innate immunity

nonspecific immunity based on genetics

adaptive immunity

specific immunity based on life exposures

cell-mediated immunity

uses T-cells and other immune cells to directly target and eliminate infected, abnormal, or foreign cells without relying on antibodies.

humoral immunity

long-term immunity; B cells multiply into plasma cells to produce antibodies to inactivate antigens

cilia

tiny hair-like particles found lining nasal membranes that act as a barrier against foreign particles

mucus

lines the membranes of the eyes, nose, ears, mouth, vaginal canals, anal canal and act as a barrier against foreign particles

lymphoid tissues and WBC’s such as B cells and T cells

act as phagocytic cells to destroy foreign particles

reflexes such as coughing and sneezing

act to destroy foreign particles

bactericidal body secretions

act as a way to get rid of dirt and bacteria in the membrane surrounding the eyes

natural adaptive immunity

building antibodies from contact

artificial adaptive immunity

built through a vaccine or by getting immune serum directly from people or animal that have had a certain virus

what does the suffix “emia” mean

condition of blood

what does the suffix “penia” mean

decrease in, deficiency of

what does the suffix “poiesis” mean

formation, production

what does the root “myelo” mean

marrow

what does the root “hemo” mean

blood

what does the root “erythro” mean

red blood cell

what does the root “leuko” mean

white blood cell

what does the root “lympho” mean

lymphocyte

what does the root “thrombo” mean

blood clot

what does he root “thrombocyto” mean

thrombocyte, platelet

what does the root “immuno” mean

immunity

what does the root “azoto” mean

nitrogen

what does the root “calci” mean

calcium

what does the root “ferro” mean

iron

what does the root “sidero” mean

iron

what does the root “kali” mean

potassium

what does the root “natri” mean

sodium

what does the root “oxy” mean

oxygen

anemia

a decrease in hemoglobin, number of RBCs, or size of RBCs

microcytic or hypochromic

when RBCs are small

signs and symptoms of anemia

fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, irritability, heart palpitations

aplastic anemia

when your RBCs are destroyed

nutritional anemia

results from missing items in the diet, most commonly folate iron, vitamin B12

pernicious anemia

when the GI system is missing an intrinsic factor and can’t absorb vitamin B12

sideroblastic anemia

most common type; females with a menstrual cycle lose blood and blood contains iron

sickle cell anemia

most common in the African American population; RBCs is sickle-shaped and has fewer binding sites for hemoglobin and do not carry oxygen as well

thalassemia

most common in the mediterranean population; increased mercury levels in seafood may affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding

hemorrhagic anemia

caused by losing blood

thrombocytopenia

decreased number of platelets

petechiae

broken blood vessels

ecchymosis

medical term for bruising

purpura

the formation of dark purple spots on the skin

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

widespread clotting in the body followed by a hemorrhage

hemophilia

only coagulation disorder that is genetically linked, X-linked disorder meaning it is carried along the X-chromosome; missing a clotting factor

neoplasms

cancers of the white blood cells

what are three telltale signs of any cancer in the body

unexplained fever, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats

general signs and symptoms of leukemia

anemia, fatigue, enlarged spleen, enlarged liver, petechiae, ecchymosis, and purpura

what does the root “myelo” mean for leukemias

leukemias of the bone marrow

what does the root “lympho” mean for leukemia

leukemia of the B cells

Hodgkin Lymphoma

cancer of the B cells; immune system or lymphatic cancer

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

more prevalent and has a higher mortality rate; can affect the B cells or T cells

hypersensitivity

an overreaction of the immune system in the mores of allergy, autoimmune disease, and anaphylactic reactions; typically happens due to something in the environment

allergy

a reaction to an allergen

anaphylactic rection

hypersensitivities that are much more severe and can cause respiratory system collapse and potentially lead to death

immunodeficiency

the failure of the immune system that can be congenital or acquired

autoimmune disorders

happen when the body attacks its own immune systems