World Civ Exam 2 Wiest USM

Romulus and Remus

Founders of Rome

Etruscans

the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted

Passed Geek culture to Rome (Greek gods)

Gave Rome its early government- a monarchy

Tiber River

The river where Rome was founded.

Where Latin tribes would meet

Found between seven hills

Patricians

Powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society

Plebians

Common people of Rome

everyone above the rank of slave

Senate

the representative body for rich and privileged in Rome

Consul

An elected official who led the Roman Republic

managed much of the law and commanded armies

Tribal Assembly

assembly organized by plebeians that elected tribunes and made laws for common people

Tribune

equal to power to the Consuls of the Senate

Veto

to reject

Law of the 12 Tables

Rome's first set of written laws

Law that is equal for all citizens

Carthage

An ancient city on the north coast of Africa

2nd Punic War

The war led by Hannibal. One of the deadliest wars in ancient times. Hannibal crossed the Alps and invaded Italy.

Hannibal Barca

In the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian military commander attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.

Hasdrubal Barca

Hannibal's brother

-He was supposed to meet up with Hannibal to attack the city of Rome

-The Romans cut off his head and sent it to Hannibal in a basket before he could meet Hannibal

Fabius

The major Roman general whose tactics were delay and evasion.

Battle of Cannae

Hannibal encircled Romans; beat force at least three times bigger than his own; greatest victory

Battle of Metaurus River*

Roman forces killed Hasdrubal during the Second Punic War

General Nero

great general who fought against the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars

Tiberius Gracchus*

Grandson of General Scipio, Elected tribune in 133BC, Proposed law to take land back from Senators and give it to the landless, which Very popular with the masses, Opponents organized a riot where he was killed

Marius

A Roman general who was elected consul seven times- he is known for the big changes he made to the Roman army, making it easier for men to be Roman soldiers

Sulla

Powerful commander -- earned his men's loyalty; general who used his army for his political advantage -- started a civil war in Rome; killed his enemies; reduced power of tribunes, more power to patricians

Pompey

Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC)

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power

Octavian/Augustus

Caesar's adopted son who defeated Mark Anthony for title of ruler of Rome after Caesar's death

Marc Antony

One of Caesar's generals, Falls in love with Cleopatra, He and Cleopatra declare war on Rome in 31 BC and they lose, members of the second triumvirate.

Cleopatra

last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian's enemy

Emperor Nero*

The first recorded persecution of Christians began in Rome around AD 64 under him, he blamed Christians for a fire in Rome that he actually started

Caligula

Roman Emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest insanity

Circus Maximus

a Roman outdoor arena in which public games, such as chariot races, were held

Herod the Great

A wicked, ambitious king, who took over the government of Palestine with the support of the Romans. He was an Edomite, but he portrayed himself as a Jew returned from exile. He ordered the killing of all newborn male children in an effort to slay the Messiah.

Pontius Pilate

Roman Governer who sentenced Jesus to death

Jesus of Nazareth

a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity

Bishop

A church official who leads a large group of Christians in a particular region

Diocese

a district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian Church.

priest

a person who performs religious ceremonies

parish

A local church community

Petrine Doctrine

the belief that Saint Peter was given special authority by Christ that has since passed on to each Pope.

Hersey

the crime of holding a belief that goes against established doctrine

Arius

Egyptian priest; created a school of thought that believed Jesus was not God

founder of Arianism

Nicene Creed

The formal statement or profession of faith is commonly recited during the Eucharist.

Vulgate Bible

first Latin translation of the bible

4th Lateran Council

put in place the practice of going to confession and receiving communion at least once a year, approved the term transubstantiation, and allowed for the founding of new religious orders

Seven Sacraments*

Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony

Confirmation

sealed with the gift of the Holy Spirit

Strengthened for service to the Body of Christ

Matrimony

state of being married

Holy Orders

The Sacrament by which men are ordained to the episcopacy, priesthood, or diaconate.

Penance

atonement for sin

Extreme Unction

A term that means "last anointing." It once referred to the time that the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick is received just before death. It is accompanied by a final reception of Holy Communion called Viaticum.

Holy Eucharist*

A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine.

Transubstantiation

The Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

interdict

in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom

regular clergy*

monks and nuns who belong to religious orders

King Arthur

Uther

King Arthur's father

Basil the Bulgar Blinder

Byzantine emperor who famously blinded an entire country

Emperor Leo III*

Banned the use of icons in the Byzantine Empire

iconoclasm/iconoclast

the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons

Orthodox Church

the church that followed the Eastern traditions of Christianity as opposed to the Western traditions

Mecca

Holiest city of Islam

Clovis

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy

Charles Martel*

A Frankish leader who rallied warriors to push Muslims out of France

Battle of Tours

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe

Pepin the Short

Frankish king; son of Charles Martel

Donation of Pepin

The grant of a large strip of land in the middle of the Italian peninsula by Pepin III to the papacy while granting the Pope the right to rule it.

Charelmagne

Was known as Charles the great and was crowned King by the pope

Pope Urban II*

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

First Crusade

1099 CE, Jerusalem fell to the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade.

Crusade of Kings

Led by Kings of England, Germany, and France

Richard the Lionheart

An English king leads the Crusaders in an attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin.

Impact of the Crusades*

opens up trade routes to the Middle East and all over the world

making roads and waterways safe for travel and trade again.

kings and popes become powerful again

Capitalism/middle class*

a new class of people. the class judges a person's value on how much money you have; a big period of Urbanization brought revolutions around the world

spells the doom of feudalism

Black Death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

black rats hit italy in 1347

rat to people via fleas

plague sores, or buboes

rupturing of blood vessels

85% fatal

Saint Peter

Early leader of the Christian church; one of Jesus's twelve apostles; also known as Simon Peter, the first pope of the Catholic Church

Saint Paul

The first great popularizer of Christianity

Universal Faith

a belief that there is only one appropriate religion for all people everywhere

Reasons why Rome persecuted the Christians*

1. Christians made their own sub-state within Rome.

2. Christianity clashed with the Roman Religion.

Advantages the Christians had in Rome that helped their rise*

Constantine*

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

Edict of Milan

issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire

Marcus Aurelius

last emperor of the Pax Romana

Meditations

Commodus

Ancient Roman Emperor who succeeded his father, Marcus Aurelius, began the decline of the Roman Empire.

Diocletian

Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.

Huns

a large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

Ostrogoths

Germanic invaders who overran the western half of the Roman Empire

Visigoths

A Germanic tribe that rebelled against Rome in A.D. 378

Battle of Adrianople*

Visigoths defeated the Roman Army in 378. Considered the start of the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

Alaric

Leader of the Visigoths

Kaaba

The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca

Mohammed

Prophet of Allah; founder of Islam.

Allah

Arabic word for God

Quaran

The holy book of Islam

Medine

Hijra

The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam

Pillars of Faith*

5 duties that muslims must follow, belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage

Ramadan

the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

Abu Bakr

first caliph after death of Muhammad

Ali