Biology: Final Study Guide

Cellular Respiraton

process which uses nutrients (glucose) to make useful energy (ATP)

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

What are the reactants of cellular respiration (Hint 2 things)

1. glucose

2. oxygen

What are the products of cellular respiration (Hint 3 things)

1. carbon dioxide

2. water

3. ATP

What are the 2 types of cellular respiration

1. aerobic respiration

2. anaerobic respiration

Aerobic Respiration

need oxygen

What are the steps of aerobic respiration (Hint 3 steps)

1. glycolysis

2. kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle)

3. electron transport chain

Where does glycolysis take place

in cytoplasm

What are the steps of glycolysis (Hint 3 steps)

1. use 2 ATP (already have) to split glucose into 2 pyruvate

2. splitting glucose = releases 4 ATP (net ATP = 2 --> 4-2)

3. splitting glucose = releases electrons --> allows hydrogen ions to attach to NAD+ --> make 2 NADH

What is the end product of glycolysis (Hint 3 things)

1. 2 net ATP

2. 2 NADH

3. 2 pryuvate

What does ATP do after it is made

used as energy for the body to help cell function

What does NADH do after it is made during glycolysis

always go to electron transport chain

What does pyruvate do after glycolysis

always goes to Kreb cycle

Where does kreb's cycle take place

in mitochondria (matrix)

What are the steps to the Krebs' Cycle (Hint 5 steps)

1. 1 pyruvate = enter matrix + oxidized --> making CO2 + 2 carbon molecule

2. 2 carbons attach to coenzyme A (COA) + froms acetyl-CoA (used in cycle)

3. acetyl-CoA enters Kreb Cycle--> becomes citric acid

4. series of intermediate reactions occurs + release 4 NADH, 1 FADH2 + 1 ATP

5. cycle repeats (for other pyruvate --> bc two enter)

What is the end product of Kreb's Cycle (Hint 4 things)

1. 8 NADH

2. 2 FADH2

3. 2 ATP

4. 2 carbon dioxide

Where does electron transport chain take place

in mitochondria (inner membrane)

What are the steps of electron transport chain (Hint 4 steps)

1. NADH + FADH2 = enter ETC (inner membrane) + give ETC their electrons (e-)

2. NADH --> NAD+ / FADH2 --> FAD = hydrogens move into intermembrane space (form hydrogen gradient)

3. oxygen = acts as final electron acceptor + makes 2 H20

4. H+ ions = move down concentration gradient (through ATP synthase) --> forming 34 ATP

What are the end products of electron transport chain (Hint 2 things)

1. 34 ATP

2. 6 water molecules

True or False: Electron Transport Chain makes most ATP

True --> ETC = makes about 34 ATP while other stages make only 2 each

Which step is glucose used in

Glycolysis --> broken down into smaller molecules + release energy + start process of making ATP

Which step is oxygen used in

Electron Transport Chain --> accepts electrons at end of ETC to make water

Which step is carbon dioxide made

Kreb's Cycle --> when pyruvate oxidized becomes carbon dioxide

Which step is water made

Electron Transport Chain --> oxygen joins w/ electrons + hydrogen ions --> making water (H2O)

Anaerobic Respiration

DON'T NEED oxygen

What are the steps of anaerobic respiration (Hint 2 steps)

1. glycolysis

2. fermentation

What happens when there is no oxygen present

no oxygen = can't do last 2 stages of aerobic respiration --> starts to do fermentation

Fermentation

used to break down pyruvate (NOT MAKE ATP) + make NAD+

What are the 2 types of fermentation

1. lactic acid fermentation

2. alcohol fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

occurs in animal muscle cells --> converting pyruvate into lactic acid

Alcohol Fermentation

occur in yeast --> converting pyruvate to ethanol (alcohol) + carbon dioxide

What is the goal of fermentation

regenerate NADH --> NAD+ under anaerobic conditions, allowing glycolysis to continue (making limited amount of ATP)

What are carbohydrates role in cellular respiration

broken down during digestion (into glucose) --> glucose = used in glycolysis + main fuel cells use to make ATP (used to start whole process)

What are lipids role in cellular respiration

broken down into fatty acids + glycerol --> used for long term energy source + can enter cellular respiration to help make ATP when glucose is low

What are proteins role in cellular respiration

broken down into amino acids --> when body needs extra energy amino ecids enter cellular respiration + used to help make ATP (enzymes help w/ reactions + speed up process)

Element

pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Compound

substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements (joined by chemical bonds)

What is the difference between elements + compounds

Element --> made up of 1 type of atom

Compound --> made up of 2 or more types of atoms/elements

What are the subatomic particles (Hint 3 things)

1. protons

2. neutrons

3. electrons

Protons (Hint 4 things)

1. positive

2. located in nucleus

3. 1 amu

4. # of protons defines element

True or False: All elements have different number of protons

True --> element = determined by number of protons

Neutrons (Hint 4 things)

1. neutral

2. located in nucleus

3. 1 amu

4. can have different number of neutrons (isotopes)

Electrons (Hint 4 things)

1. negative

2. located in orbitals

3. 1/2000 of 1 amu (very small)

4. most of atom = empty space

Which part of periodic table reads left/right

periods/rows

What do periods/rows determine

number of orbitals element has

Which part of periodic table reads up/down

columns/groups

What do columns/groups determine

number of valence electrons

Valence Electrons

number of electrons on outmost layer of element

How to read element on period table (Hint 4 things)

1. atomic number

2. symbol

3. element name

4. relative atomic mass

Atomic Number

number of protons

Mass Number

sum of protons + neutrons

Relative Atomic Mass

% abundance of each isotope of element on earth

How to find the number of protons

atomic number (same number)

How to find the number of neutrons

mass number - atomic number (protons)

How to find the number of electrons

same as the number of protons (in neutral element)

How to calculate relative atomic mass (Hint 3 steps)

1. isotope mass x (% aundance/100)

2. repeat for all isotopes

3. add all the totals

Isotope

same element with different number of neutrons

Why are electrons important

determines how atoms will act w/ each other

True or False: Electrons determine what type of bonds elements form

True

True or False: Electrons determine how these interactions affect element's properties

True

How is an element most stable

when outmost layer is full

True or False: Elements bond to fill electron levels

True --> electrons are exchanged or shared to fill outer energy levels

How to draw valence electron diagram (Hint 2 steps)

1. write element symbol

2. add number of dots (as valence electrons) around symbol

Bonding

electrons are exchanged or shared to fill outer energy levels

What are the types of bonds (Hint 4 types)

1. ionic bonds

2. covalent bonds

3. hydrogen bonds

4. Van Der Waals forces

Which bonds are associated with bonding between elements (Hint 2 types)

1. ionic bonds

2. covalent bonds

Which bonds are associated with bonding between molecules (Hint 2 types)

1. hydrogen bonds

2. Van Der Waals forces

What is the difference between ionic + covalent bonding

ionic --> electrons transferred

covalent --> electrons shared

Ionic Bonding

bonding where elements transfer their electrons

Ions

form when atoms gain or lose electrons (charged elements)

What are the 2 types of ions

1. cation --> positive

2. anion --> negative

Cation

loses electrons = positive ion

Anion

gains electron = negative ion

Which types of elements usually bond through ionic bonding (Hint 2 pairs)

1. metals + nonmetals

2. metaloids + nonmetals

Is salt (NaCl) an ionic or covalent bond

ionic bond --> sodium (Na) = metal + chlorine (Cl) = nonmetal

Covalent Bonding

bonding where elements share electrons

Which types of elements usually bond through covalent bonding (Hint 1 pair)

1. nonmetals + nonmetals

What are the 2 types of covalent bonds

1. polar covalent

2. nonpolar covalent

Polar Covalent Bond

unequal sharing of electrons

True or False: Water is an example of polar covalent

True --> bc has a slightly negative charge on oxygen + slightly positive charge on hydrogens

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

equal sharing of electrons

True or False: Oxygen is an example of nonpolar charge

True --> oxygen is shared evenly

Is nitrogen (N2) an ionic or covalent bond

covalent bond --> nitrogen = nonmetal (

Van Der Waals forces

intermolecular attractions between 1 molecule + another molecule

Hydrogen Bonding

bonding between 2 water molecules

Explain the structure and bonding of a water molecule (Hint 2 things)

1. between 1 oxygen + 2 hydrogens

2. bonding = polar covalent

Electronegativity

measure of tendency of atom to attract shared pair of electrons in chemical bond

Explain why water is polar covalent (Hint 2 main things)

1. hydrogens = more postivie bc have less electronegativity (don't hold on to electrons as long --> more positive)

2. oxygen = more negative bc has more electronegativity (holds on to electrons longer --> more negative)

What type of bonding does water have with other molecules

hydrogen bond

Be able to draw water molecule (Hint 2 water molecules)

1. oxygen = slight negative charge + hydrogens = slight postive charge (attached by polar covalent)

2. hydrogen bond = connects negative oxygen + postive hydrogen

Properties of water (Hint 6 things)

1. universal solvent

2. specific heat capacity

3. adhesion

4. cohesion

5. surface tension

6. capillary action

Universal Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve more substances than any other liquid

Why is water a universal solvent

1. water = polar + has charge

2. able to dissolve like bases (dissolve other polar/charged substances)

Explain "like" dissolves "like"

polar dissolves polar

nonpolar dissolves nonpolar

(Like in math when you combine lile terms)

Is water able to dissolve sugar, explain (Hint 1 thing)

1. both substances are polar solvents

Is water able to dissolve salt (NaCl), explain (Hint 4 things)

both substances are polar solvents

1. sodium = positive + chloine = negative

2. oxygen = negative + hydrogens = positive

3. opposites attract + breaks bond between sodium + chlorine

Is water able to dissovle oil, explain (Hint 2 things)

1. water = polar + oil = nonpolar

2. not like bases --> can't combine

Specific Heat Capacity

amount of heat energy needed to raise temp of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius

What does it mean if something has a low specific heat capacity

substance needs less energy to change its temperature (heats up faster)

What does it mean if something has a high specific heat capacity

substance needs more energy to change its temp (heats up slower)