Globalization II Exam #1

Absolute Monarchies

Political systems where a single ruler has complete control over the government and is not bound by laws or constitution.

Bourgeoisie

The non-noble, urban, mercantile class that played an important role in Atlantic Revolutions.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition, leading to questioning of authority and societal norms.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people.

The Three Orders or Estates

The hierarchical divisions in society, consisting of the clergy (1st estate), the nobility (2nd estate), and everyone else (3rd estate).

The Haitian Revolution

A successful anti-colonial and anti-slavery insurrection that took place in the French colony of Saint-Domingue from 1791 to 1804.

French Revolution

A period from 1789 to 1799 characterized by radical social and political change in France, inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

Social Orders in Europe

Society in Europe was divided into distinct classes, with a sharp contrast between the wealthy and the poor.

The American Revolution

The conflict between 13 American colonies and Great Britain (1775-1783) leading to the formation of the United States.

The Estates General

An assembly that represented the three estates of the realm: the clergy, nobility, and commoners in France.

Maximilien Robespierre

A key figure during the French Revolution known for his role in the Reign of Terror.

Secular Republic

A governmental form where religion is separated from governmental institutions, seen in the aftermath of the French Revolution.

The Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1884-1885 where European nations divided Africa among themselves without regard for indigenous cultures.

Cash Crop Economy

An agricultural system focused on producing crops for sale rather than for personal consumption, common in colonial economies.

Mau Mau Uprising

A revolution in Kenya during the 1950s against British colonial rule, involving land and freedom demands from local populations.

Decolonization

The process by which colonies gained independence from colonial powers, particularly following World War II.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization between 1750 and 1914 characterized by the growth of factories and the use of fossil fuels.

Settler Colonialism

A form of colonialism where settlers from a colonial power migrate and settle in a territory, often displacing indigenous populations.

Cash Crops

Crops grown for sale rather than for subsistence, often subject to export markets and taxation.

Quinine

A medication used to treat malaria, significant in enabling European colonization by reducing illness.

Évolué

In French colonial terms, a person of African descent in the French colonies who was culturally assimilated to European standards.