Skin Care Products: Chemistry, Ingredients, and Selection Part 2

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Acai Berry

a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredient rich in anthocyanins, which help neutralize free radicals that accelerate aging. In skin care, it brightens skin tone, protects against environmental stressors, and has anti-aging properties by reducing oxidative damage.

Best for aging, dull, or sensitive skin types because it protects and calms irritation while improving overall radiance. Its antioxidant activity also helps reduce fine lines and maintain skin elasticity.

Which skin type would benefit most from acai berry due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties?

Mature or sensitive

Algae Extract

Often referred to as seaweed, algae is a natural humectant that hydrates skin by attracting moisture. It detoxifies, replenishes essential vitamins and minerals, and contains antioxidants that protect skin from environmental damage.

Ideal for dry, dehydrated, and sensitive skin types due to its mineral-rich profile and soothing properties. The hydrating effect helps prevent flakiness and supports healthy cell metabolism.

Algae extract is commonly used in skin care primarily for its ability to:

Hydrate and supply minerals

Allantoin

keratolytic and moisturizing agent that soothes, softens, and protects the skin. It aids in wound healing by promoting cell proliferation and longevity, making it suitable for sensitive, dry, or irritated skin. It calms redness, supports epidermal repair, and helps maintain a smooth texture.

What is the primary function of allantoin in topical skin care?

To soothe, protect, and aid in cell repair

Aloe Vera

a humectant and anti-inflammatory botanical that hydrates, softens, heals, and calms the skin. It is antimicrobial, so it can reduce bacterial activity, making it suitable for all skin types, especially sensitive, dry, inflamed, or sun-damaged skin. _____ penetrates the epidermis to provide moisture while soothing irritation and reducing redness.

Aloe vera is most commonly used in skin care for which of the following benefits?

Hydration and calming inflammation

Alpha Lipoic Acid

A universal antioxidant that combats free radicals, alpha lipoic acid is anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and enhances natural exfoliation. It minimizes pores, reduces puffiness, and soothes irritation. It is suitable for all skin types, particularly mature, sensitive, or stressed skin, due to its ability to reduce oxidative damage and improve skin texture.

Alpha lipoic acid in skin care is primarily known for:

Reducing oxidative stress and improving texture

Alpine Rose Plant Stem Cell

This ingredient stimulates epidermal regeneration, repairs skin cells, and improves barrier function. _____ stem cells protect against environmental stressors and promote longevity of skin cells, making it ideal for mature or sensitive skin in need of protection and rejuvenation.

Alpine rose plant stem cells are used in skin care to:

Repair cells and improve skin barrier

Arbutin

 a natural skin lightener that suppresses melanin production, making it effective for hyperpigmentation, sun spots, or uneven skin tone. Suitable for all skin types experiencing discoloration because it inhibits tyrosinase activity, preventing overproduction of pigment without harsh irritation.

Arbutin is primarily used in skin care to:

Reduce hyperpigmentation

Argan Oil

a lightweight emollient rich in fatty acids like oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids. It hydrates and replenishes skin lipids, offering antioxidant protection. Best for dry, sensitive, and normal skin as it restores moisture, softens, and supports barrier function without clogging pores.

Why is argan oil considered suitable for dry and sensitive skin?

It restores moisture and provides essential fatty acids

Argireline®

branded neuropeptide blend that relaxes facial muscle contractions, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Ideal for mature or aging skin to prevent expression lines and smooth texture without irritation.

Argireline® in skin care products is primarily used to:

Relax facial muscles and reduce fine lines

Arnica Montana

 a botanical extract with antiseptic, astringent, and anti-inflammatory properties. It soothes irritation, calms sensitive or inflamed skin, and reduces redness or swelling. Suitable for sensitive, post-procedure, or bruised skin.

Arnica montana is included in skin care products mainly to:

Soothe and reduce inflammation

Avocado oil

an emollient rich in vitamins A, D, and E, as well as essential fatty acids. It soothes and nourishes the skin, helping repair the barrier and provide deep hydration. Best for dry, mature, or sensitive skin because it restores lipid content, softens, and protects against environmental stressors. Its antioxidant vitamins help reduce inflammation and oxidative damage.

Avocado oil is most beneficial for which skin type due to its lipid and vitamin content?
A) Oily
B) Dry or mature
C) Acne-prone
D) Normal
Answer: B) Dry or mature

 Azelaic acid

 anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and a skin-lightening agent. It inhibits melanin production and combats acne-causing bacteria, making it effective for acne-prone, sensitive, or hyperpigmented skin. It soothes redness, reduces breakouts, and helps even out skin tone without harsh irritation.

What is the primary benefit of azelaic acid in skin care?
A) Moisturizing dehydrated skin
B) Reducing hyperpigmentation and acne
C) Increasing oil production
D) Exfoliating dead skin only
Answer: B) Reducing hyperpigmentation and acne

Azulene

a potent anti-inflammatory and soothing ingredient derived from chamomile or other botanicals. It reduces redness, calms irritated skin, and provides comfort to sensitive or reactive skin types. ________ is often included in products for post-procedure or rosacea-prone skin.

Azulene is primarily used in skin care to:
A) Lighten hyperpigmentation
B) Soothe and reduce inflammation
C) Exfoliate oily skin
D) Act as a sunscreen
Answer: B) Soothe and reduce inflammation

Bamboo Extract

extract is rich in silica and antioxidants, helping to strengthen the skin, prevent moisture loss, and improve elasticity. It has astringent and soothing properties and is excellent for oily, combination, or aging skin. ________ antioxidant content also protects against environmental damage while calming irritation.

Which benefit makes bamboo extract suitable for combination and aging skin?
A) High oil content
B) Strengthens skin, provides antioxidants, and prevents moisture loss
C) Acts as a chemical bleach
D) Kills bacteria only
Answer: B) Strengthens skin, provides antioxidants, and prevents moisture loss

Bearberry

a natural skin lightener and melanin suppressant due to its arbutin content. It also has soothing properties for sensitive skin. Ideal for hyperpigmented or sun-damaged skin because it gently inhibits tyrosinase, helping fade dark spots without irritation.

Bearberry is mainly used in skin care to:
A) Hydrate oily skin
B) Lighten pigmentation and soothe skin
C) Exfoliate mechanically
D) Provide SPF protection
Answer: B) Lighten pigmentation and soothe skin

Benzoyl peroxide

an antibacterial agent that targets Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria responsible for acne. It helps reduce inflammation, unclog pores, and control breakouts. Best for oily and acne-prone skin, but it can be drying and irritating if overused.

Benzoyl peroxide is primarily included in acne treatments to:
A) Lighten skin
B) Kill acne-causing bacteria and reduce inflammation
C) Hydrate dry skin
D) Increase sebum production
Answer: B) Kill acne-causing bacteria and reduce inflammation

Calendula

a botanical extract with emollient, soothing, healing, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and anti-itching properties. It calms sensitive, irritated, or inflamed skin, making it ideal for dry, reactive, or post-procedure skin. ________ supports tissue repair and hydration while reducing redness and discomfort.

Calendula is best used in skin care products to:
A) Promote tanning
B) Soothe and heal irritated skin
C) Exfoliate oily skin
D) Bleach dark spots
Answer: B) Soothe and heal irritated skin

Caviar

rich in amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that nourish, hydrate, and repair skin cells. It restores skin’s vitality and helps reduce signs of aging. Best for mature or dehydrated skin because it supports regeneration, improves elasticity, and enhances moisture retention.

The main benefit of caviar extract in skin care is:
A) Reducing excess sebum
B) Nourishing, hydrating, and repairing skin
C) Acting as a humectant only
D) Exfoliating dead skin
Answer: B) Nourishing, hydrating, and repairing skin

Centella asiatica

an anti-inflammatory, healing, and collagen-boosting botanical. It stimulates new cell growth, improves circulation, and enhances barrier function. Suitable for sensitive, aging, or acne-prone skin because it calms irritation, promotes healing, and strengthens the skin.

Centella asiatica is included in skin care products primarily to:
A) Promote tanning
B) Heal, calm, and stimulate collagen production
C) Lighten skin only
D) Exfoliate oil glands
Answer: B) Heal, calm, and stimulate collagen production

Ceramides

are lipid molecules naturally found in the skin that help repair and maintain the barrier. They lock in moisture, improve hydration, soften the skin, and protect against environmental damage. Suitable for dry, sensitive, and aging skin because they restore barrier function and prevent trans epidermal water loss.

Ceramides in skin care products are primarily used to:
A) Exfoliate oily skin
B) Repair the barrier and retain moisture
C) Kill bacteria
D) Reduce pigmentation
Answer: B) Repair the barrier and retain moisture

Chamomile

 a botanical with anti-inflammatory, soothing, antiseptic, and anti-itching properties. It calms irritated, sensitive, or inflamed skin while purifying and protecting the epidermis. Ideal for sensitive, reactive, or post-procedure skin because it reduces redness, irritation, and inflammation.

Chamomile is most commonly used in skin care to:
A) Lighten pigmentation
B) Soothe and reduce inflammation
C) Exfoliate dead cells
D) Increase sebum production
Answer: B) Soothe and reduce inflammation

Charcoal

a detoxifying ingredient that absorbs oil, debris, and impurities from the skin. It is ideal for oily, combination, or acne-prone skin types because it helps unclog pores, reduce excess sebum, and leave the skin feeling refreshed. It does not hydrate, so it is best paired with moisturizing ingredients.

 The primary function of charcoal in skin care is to:
A) Hydrate dry skin
B) Absorb oil and detoxify pores
C) Exfoliate mechanically
D) Lighten hyperpigmentation
Answer: B) Absorb oil and detoxify pores

Coenzyme Q10

a potent antioxidant that protects and revitalizes skin cells. It neutralizes free radicals, supports cellular energy production, and slows the aging process. Naturally produced by the body. Best for mature, aging, or sun-damaged skin because it reduces oxidative stress and fine lines while enhancing skin repair.

Coenzyme Q10 is primarily included in skin care products to:
A) Increase oil production
B) Protect skin from oxidative stress and support repair
C) Bleach dark spots
D) Act as a humectant
Answer: B) Protect skin from oxidative stress and support repair

Colloidal Gold

 known for its healing, firming, and brightening effects. It improves skin elasticity and gives a healthy, radiant glow. Ideal for mature or dull skin types because it stimulates circulation, supports collagen production, and enhances overall luminosity. Derived from pure elemental gold (Au) that has been broken down into extremely tiny nanoparticles and suspended in a liquid (usually water).

Colloidal gold is used in skin care mainly to:
A) Reduce oil production
B) Heal, firm, and give skin a radiant glow
C) Lighten hyperpigmentation
D) Exfoliate mechanically
Answer: B) Heal, firm, and give skin a radiant glow

Colloidal silver

antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and promotes healing. It is effective for acne-prone, sensitive, or inflamed skin because it calms irritation, reduces bacterial activity, and supports the healing of minor wounds or blemishes. Derived from pure elemental silver (Ag) that has been broken down into very fine microscopic or nano-sized particles and suspended in a liquid base (usually purified water).

Colloidal silver in skin care primarily serves to:
A) Brighten skin tone
B) Reduce bacterial activity and inflammation
C) Hydrate dry skin
D) Exfoliate pores
Answer: B) Reduce bacterial activity and inflammation

Cucumber extract

a humectant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory ingredient that soothes and reduces swelling. It hydrates and calms sensitive, irritated, or sunburned skin. Best for all skin types, especially sensitive or inflamed skin, due to its gentle cooling and moisturizing effects.

Cucumber extract is most commonly used in skin care to:
A) Promote oil production
B) Soothe, hydrate, and reduce puffiness
C) Bleach pigmentation
D) Act as a chemical exfoliant
Answer: B) Soothe, hydrate, and reduce puffiness

Echinacea

has healing, astringent, and antibacterial properties. It strengthens the skin’s immune defense, reduces inflammation, and promotes healing. Ideal for sensitive, acne-prone, or reactive skin because it calms irritation and combats bacterial activity. Flowering plant (herb) in the daisy family that is commonly used in herbal medicine and skincare.

Echinacea is included in skin care primarily to:
A) Lighten dark spots
B) Heal, reduce inflammation, and combat bacteria
C) Hydrate only
D) Increase sebum production
Answer: B) Heal, reduce inflammation, and combat bacteria

Edelweiss Plant Stem Cell

are potent antioxidants that repair damaged tissue, stimulate collagen regeneration, and protect against environmental stressors. Suitable for aging, sensitive, or sun-damaged skin because they enhance skin repair, improve elasticity, and slow visible signs of aging. Derived from a flower that grows in high-altitude Alpine regions.

Edelweiss stem cells in skin care are primarily used to:
A) Lighten pigmentation
B) Repair cells, protect against damage, and stimulate collagen
C) Hydrate surface layers only
D) Exfoliate mechanically
Answer: B) Repair cells, protect against damage, and stimulate collagen

Enzymes

Provide gentle surface exfoliation, soften skin, and increase hydration. They break down dead skin cells without irritation, making them ideal for sensitive, dry, or aging skin. Enzyme exfoliation improves skin texture and allows better penetration of active ingredients.

The main purpose of enzymes in skin care is to:
A) Act as a sunscreen
B) Gently exfoliate and improve skin texture
C) Hydrate deep layers only
D) Bleach pigmentation
Answer: B) Gently exfoliate and improve skin texture

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. It calms irritation, reduces redness, and helps control bacterial growth on acne-prone skin. Best for oily, acne-prone, or inflamed skin due to its antiseptic qualities. Botanical plant and essential oil source derived from trees

Eucalyptus is primarily included in skin care products to:
A) Hydrate dry skin
B) Reduce inflammation and combat bacteria
C) Lighten dark spots
D) Exfoliate mechanically
Answer: B) Reduce inflammation and combat bacteria

Evening Primrose Oil (EPO)

an emollient rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which moisturizes, enhances barrier function, soothes inflammation, and supports skin healing. Ideal for dry, sensitive, or mature skin because it restores hydration, calms irritation, and strengthens the protective barrier. plant-derived oil extracted from the seeds.

Evening primrose oil is most beneficial for skin care because it:
A) Reduces pigmentation
B) Moisturizes, soothes, and strengthens the skin barrier
C) Exfoliates oil glands
D) Acts as a sunscreen
Answer: B) Moisturizes, soothes, and strengthens the skin barrier

Geranium

anti-inflammatory, anti-irritant, astringent, antibacterial, and promotes healing. It balances sebum production, reduces redness, and tightens pores. Suitable for combination, oily, sensitive, or acne-prone skin because it calms inflammation while regulating oil and supporting healing. botanical plant used to produce an essential oil.

Geranium extract is commonly included in skin care to:
A) Increase hydration only
B) Balance oil, reduce inflammation, and promote healing
C) Lighten dark spots
D) Exfoliate dead skin
Answer: B) Balance oil, reduce inflammation, and promote healing

Ginger

antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, calming, and soothing properties. It promotes circulation, reduces redness, and supports healing. Best for dull, acne-prone, or inflamed skin because it soothes irritation, minimizes inflammation, and enhances skin vitality. A plant-derived botanical ingredient obtained from the rhizome (underground stem)

Ginger in skin care primarily helps to:
A) Hydrate dry skin
B) Soothe, calm, and support healing
C) Exfoliate pores mechanically
D) Lighten hyperpigmentation
Answer: B) Soothe, calm, and support healing

Ginseng

boosts collagen production, brightens skin, promotes healthy cell regeneration, heals, and balances oil production. It is also anti-inflammatory and revitalizes dull or aging skin. Ideal for mature, fatigued, or combination skin because it enhances firmness, improves circulation, and stimulates cellular energy. Plant-derived botanical extract obtained from the root of plants in the genus Panax.

Ginseng is included in skin care primarily to:
A) Hydrate surface layers only
B) Nourish, boost collagen, brighten, and balance oil
C) Bleach pigmentation
D) Exfoliate aggressively
Answer: B) Nourish, boost collagen, brighten, and balance oil

Glycerin

a humectant that attracts water to the skin, providing deep hydration and preventing dryness. Suitable for all skin types, especially dry or dehydrated skin, because it maintains moisture balance, softens, and improves overall skin texture. Most often derived from plant oils or fats, though it can also be made synthetically

Glycolic Acid

• Source / Type: Sugarcane; smallest AHA molecule

• Uses / Benefits: Exfoliates dead skin cells, brightens, stimulates collagen, reduces fine lines

• Best Skin Type: Normal to dry, sun-damaged skin

• Application / %: 5–10% at home, 20–70% professional peels

• Contraindications: Sensitive skin, open wounds, active rosacea, post-laser

• Formulation Notes: Water-based serums or creams; pH 3–4 for efficacy

Glycolic acid is primarily used in skin care to:
A) Hydrate without exfoliating
B) Exfoliate and improve skin texture
C) Reduce oil only
D) Lighten pigmentation only
Answer: B) Exfoliate and improve skin texture

Gooseberry

a potent antioxidant, natural skin lightener, and melanin suppressant. It protects skin from oxidative stress, brightens dull skin, and helps reduce hyperpigmentation. Suitable for all skin types with pigmentation concerns or sun damage. Plant-derived botanical fruit extract obtained from the Indian

Gooseberry is included in skin care products mainly to:
A) Hydrate only
B) Brighten skin and reduce hyperpigmentation
C) Exfoliate mechanically
D) Reduce oil production
Answer: B) Brighten skin and reduce hyperpigmentation

Grape Plant Stem Cell

Repair skin, protect against UV stress, fight photoaging, and delay the natural aging process. Best for mature or sun-damaged skin because they stimulate regeneration, prevent oxidative damage, and maintain elasticity. Cultured plant cells derived from grapes

The main benefit of grape plant stem cells in skin care is to:
A) Hydrate superficial layers only
B) Repair cells and protect against photoaging
C) Exfoliate pores
D) Reduce oil production
Answer: B) Repair cells and protect against photoaging

Grape Seed Oil

a light emollient rich in vitamins and essential fatty acids. It nourishes, moisturizes, provides antioxidant protection, and helps balance oil production. Ideal for oily, combination, or mature skin because it hydrates without clogging pores and supports barrier function. plant-derived oil extracted from the seeds of ______

Grape seed oil is most beneficial for which reason?
A) Exfoliates pores
B) Hydrates, nourishes, and balances oil
C) Bleaches hyperpigmentation
D) Acts as an astringent only
Answer: B) Hydrates, nourishes, and balances oil

Green Tea

a potent antioxidant with anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, brightening, and photoprotective properties. It soothes irritated skin, reduces redness and swelling, and protects against free radical damage. Ideal for all skin types, particularly sensitive, acne-prone, and aging skin. Plant-derived botanical extract obtained from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant.

Green tea is primarily included in skin care products to:
A) Hydrate only
B) Reduce inflammation, fight bacteria, and protect against oxidative damage
C) Lighten hyperpigmentation only
D) Exfoliate mechanically
Answer: B) Reduce inflammation, fight bacteria, and protect against oxidative damage

Hexylresorcinol

a skin lightener, antiseptic, and firming agent. It inhibits tyrosinase activity to reduce melanin production and provides mild antimicrobial protection. Best for hyperpigmented or aging skin due to its brightening and anti-aging effects. A synthetic skincare active ingredient (not plant-derived)

Hexylresorcinol is mainly used in skin care to:
A) Hydrate skin
B) Lighten pigmentation and provide antiseptic action
C) Exfoliate pores
D) Increase sebum production
Answer: B) Lighten pigmentation and provide antiseptic action

Hibiscus

antioxidant, humectant, and antimicrobial botanical. It hydrates, soothes, and protects the skin from oxidative damage while gently promoting elasticity and smooth texture. Suitable for dry, sensitive, or aging skin because it enhances hydration and supports anti-aging effects. Plant-derived botanical extract obtained from the flowers of the ______ plant

Hibiscus is included in skin care primarily to:
A) Act as a chemical sunscreen
B) Hydrate, provide antioxidant protection, and improve skin texture
C) Exfoliate mechanically only
D) Reduce oil production exclusively
Answer: B) Hydrate, provide antioxidant protection, and improve skin texture

Honey

natural humectant, antioxidant, soothing, softening, antibacterial, and clarifying ingredient. It hydrates and attracts moisture, calms irritation, and helps fight acne-causing bacteria. Ideal for dry, sensitive, or acne-prone skin because it nourishes while supporting healing and maintaining moisture balance. Natural substance produced by —— from the nectar of flowers

Honey is included in skin care products primarily to:
A) Exfoliate pores
B) Hydrate, soothe, and fight bacteria
C) Bleach dark spots
D) Increase oil production
Answer: B) Hydrate, soothe, and fight bacteria

Hyaluronic Acid

a powerful humectant that attracts and retains water in the skin, preventing trans epidermal water loss and improving hydration. Suitable for all skin types, especially dry, aging, or dehydrated skin, because it plumps, softens, and smooths the skin without irritation. Produced naturally in the human body, but produce widely with Bacterial fermentation - The bacteria naturally produce _________ during growth

The main function of hyaluronic acid in skin care is to:
A) Exfoliate the skin
B) Hydrate and retain moisture
C) Reduce pigmentation
D) Kill bacteria
Answer: B) Hydrate and retain moisture

Hydroquinone

a chemical bleaching agent and tyrosinase inhibitor. It lightens hyperpigmentation, dark spots, and melasma by reducing melanin production. Best for aging or sun-damaged skin with discoloration concerns. Use must be monitored to avoid overuse or irritation. Lab-synthesized (synthetic) phenolic compound

Hydroquinone is primarily used in skin care to:
A) Moisturize dry skin
B) Lighten hyperpigmentation and inhibit melanin
C) Reduce inflammation only
D) Exfoliate dead skin cells
Answer: B) Lighten hyperpigmentation and inhibit melanin

Irish Moss (Red Algae)

an emollient, humectant, soothing, and anti-inflammatory ingredient. It hydrates, softens, and calms sensitive or dehydrated skin. Ideal for dry, sensitive, or irritated skin because it helps retain moisture and reduce inflammation while improving skin texture. Marine plant-derived extract obtained from of red seaweed

Irish moss is included in skin care primarily to:
A) Reduce oil production
B) Hydrate, soothe, and soften skin
C) Lighten pigmentation
D) Exfoliate mechanically
Answer: B) Hydrate, soothe, and soften skin

Juniper

an antiseptic and astringent botanical. It helps tighten pores, reduce excess oil, and prevent bacterial growth. Ideal for oily, combination, or acne-prone skin because it balances sebum production while reducing inflammation and supporting clearer skin. plant-derived botanical ingredient obtained from the ______ shrub/tree/berries.

Juniper is primarily included in skin care products to:
A) Hydrate dry skin
B) Tighten pores, reduce oil, and provide antiseptic action
C) Exfoliate chemically
D) Lighten pigmentation
Answer: B) Tighten pores, reduce oil, and provide antiseptic action

Kaolin

oil-absorbing clay that calms and soothes the skin. It removes excess oil, detoxifies pores, and gently exfoliates. Suitable for oily, combination, or acne-prone skin because it absorbs sebum while reducing inflammation and improving skin texture.

Kaolin clay in skin care products is mainly used to:
A) Hydrate and plump skin
B) Absorb oil and soothe irritated skin
C) Bleach pigmentation
D) Stimulate collagen
Answer: B) Absorb oil and soothe irritated skin

Kojic Acid

a natural skin lightener and melanin suppressant. It inhibits tyrosinase activity to reduce pigmentation, age spots, and sun damage. Ideal for hyperpigmented or sun-damaged skin types seeking a brighter, more even complexion. Inhibiting tyrosinase, the enzyme needed to produce melanin. Produced as a byproduct of fungal fermentation

Kojic acid is primarily included in skin care products to:
A) Hydrate the skin
B) Reduce melanin production and lighten pigmentation
C) Tighten pores
D) Exfoliate dead cells
Answer: B) Reduce melanin production and lighten pigmentation

Lactic acid

• Source / Type: Milk; larger molecule than glycolic

• Uses / Benefits: Gentle exfoliation, hydration, improves texture

• Best Skin Type: Sensitive, dry, aging skin

• Application / %: 5–10% at home; 10–40% professional

• Contraindications: Open lesions, hypersensitivity

Formulation Notes: Water or cream base; acts as humectant

Lactic acid is used in skin care primarily to:
A) Hydrate only
B) Exfoliate, brighten, and increase hydration
C) Reduce oil production only
D) Act as an antibacterial agent
Answer: B) Exfoliate, brighten, and increase hydration