Unit 3 AP Euro

Absolute Monarchy

when king has completely subjugated nobles and has complete control of the economy
- power comes from the divine by right of king
- mercantilism
- highly trained professional standing army
- wanted to bring in educators and levels up to the idea of bureaucracy that handles on portion of government

Jean Bodin

First to argue sovereignty
- experiences the turmoil of the French Civil Way of the late 1500s
- state should rule without any interference, monarchs are chosen my god and people should submit to the state.

Jacques Bossuet

Catholic Bishop and priest of Louis XIV of France
- used bible and scripture to justify the Absolutist rule of the French Monarchy

Henry IV of France

First Bourbon King
- used bureaucracy to control country instead of the nobility
- sold government position to highest bidders

Cardinal Richelieu

Controlled the affairs of the French Government
- strengthened the economic by embracing mercantilism (monopolies)
- weakened nobility: used intendants to control government affairs in the countryside instead of nobility
- kept order and prevented further civil war - destroyed castles, prohibited warfare between nobles

Louis XIII

Is considered the first absolute monarchy since Cardinal Richelieu paved the road for him

Louis XIV

The Sun King
- came to power at age of 5
- guided by Cardinal Mazarin until 1661
*** Versailles (kept nobles fat, happy, and high) weaken the nobility
(keep your friends close and your enemies closer)

The Fronde

Rebellion of the sword nobility
Taught Louis to distrust nobility

Jean- Baptiste Colbert

Chief Minister of Finance
- Mercantilist and had all mercantilist goals (maximum exports, minimum imports, tariffs, wanted to increase gold and limited mobility power to interfere with the economy)

Treaty of Utrecht

Louis' grandson Philip of Anjou takes Spanish throne
- spain and france could never be united
- france gained Alsace along the Rhine River
- HRE gained Spanish Netherlands (Belguim)
** defeat for Louis but showed his strength in that France did not lose territories in Europe

War of Spanish Sucession

Charles II died without an heir leaving the Spanish throne to Louis XIV's grandson
- HRE Lepold (Habsburg) challenged succesion and claimed throne for his son
- England, Dutch, HRE, Portugal united to defeat France

The War of the League of Ausburg

9 years war
Louis wanted territory in north eastern France
England, United Province, HRE unite to prevent French expansion

Louis and the Huguenots

believed that political unity was religious unity
*** Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes by issuing The Edict of Foutainebleu
- many fled or converted to Catholicism

The Dutch War

1672-1678
- dutch were an economic powerhouse. united provinces led bu William of Orange
- Louis wanted to increase territory into Spanish and Netherlands, weaken Dutch economy
- Failure for Louis

Themes in Russian History

need for warm water ports for trade, military (conquering Asia)

Michael Romanov

First Romanov King/Tsar

Peter the Great

- traveled/studied western europe
- stunned by prussian military and french economy

Modernization Under Peter the Great

- replaced Pope with council of bishops, Christian toleration for foreigner
- scottish general patrick gordon
- established many different agencies
- boyars westernize - no beards
boyars forces to serve in military or bureaucracy (positions based on skill)

The Great Northern War

1700-1721
- Peter the great enters Russia in northern war
- Sweden loses and Russia gets warm water port in the Baltic Sea
- Russia and Peter the great are now going to become a dominant force

Leopold I

- strengthed Austria/HRE after 30 years war
- regained previsouly lost territories, resisted Ottomans
- resisted Louis XIV and League of Augsburg

VERY DIFFERENT ABSOLUTE MONARCH THAN LOUIS XIV
- cooperated with nobility
- made decisions with advice of nobility
- sought out advice of foreigners

Prince Eugene of Savoy

- Leopold's greatest general
- led austria to victory against french and ottoman
- brought austria to become one of Europes greatest military powers

Leopold I and Religion

Catholicism was the only religion permitted

The Hohenzollerns

1 - King Frederick I of Prussia
2 - King Frederick William I
3 - Frederick the Great

King Frederick I of Prussia

supported Leopold I by giving troops in the War if Spanish Succession, in retuern Leopold names Frederick King of Prussia

King Frederick William I

will move Prussia towards absolutism based on military strength
- modernized agriculture
- never started a war
- "the pen is mightier than the sword"
- insisted on strict discipline for all
** militarism was the basis of the Prussian Absolutism
- religious toleration for all protestant faiths
- nobility must lead in the military
- whole nation must attend public education

Frederick the Great

made reformers to strengthen Prussia
- treated Catholics and protestants equally
- abolished torture
- introduced new agricultural techniques, potatoes
- improved taxation
- bureaucracies and agencies

The "Interregnum" Period

Time without a king
- The Commonwealth
- The Protectorate

The Protectorate

- cromwell tears up the ineffective constitution
- dismisses rump parliament (declared martial law, military dictator)
- religious toleration for all except for Catholics
- kills 50% of catholic irish in ireland

King Charles II

had charm, poise, and political skills (unlike his father)
- favored religious toleration

"Cavalier" Parliament

1661
- disbanded puritan army
- pardoned most puritan rebels
- restored the authority of the Church of England

Act of Uniformity ( Clarendon Code)

1662
- outlawed "non-conformists" to worship publicly, teach their faith or attend English universities

Whigs and Tories

Whigs - distrusted Charles, wanted to exclude James from the throne
Tories - loyal to Charles II

Test Act

1673
- Made it so that no position that can be filled in government and bureaucracy that hasn’t gone to Aligican church and takes holy communion
- Meaning no Catholic nor Puritan would do that
Puritans and Catholics are out of the bureaucracy

Habeas Corpus Act

1679
- any unjustly imprisoned person could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the govt. to explain why he had lost his liberty

King James II

- bigoted Catholic
- violated Test Act. by introducing Catholics into the High Command of both army and navy
- claimed power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament

The Glorious Revolution

Whig & Tory leaders together offered the throne to James II's daughter Mary and her husband william of orange

English Bill of Rights

- settles all of the major issues between King & Parliament
1) The king that cannot pass the laws/get away with actions from Parliament
2) King is not above the law
3) King must be protestant
4) No king cannot take the throne without parliament saying yes
5) Parliament okays the actions of the army and okays the taxes NOT THE KING
6) Freedom of Speech

The Dutch Federation

1. regents (Governor)
2. stadholder (congressman)
3. estates general (congress)

Dutch Society

- Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of western Europe, even women
- protestant work ethic
- highest standard of living
- wealthy aristocratic merchants essentially controlled dutch society

Dutch Economy

- King did not have the power to interfere in the economy (could not grant monopolies)
- free market capitalist country
- not much inflation
- masters of "carrying trade" (lowest shipping rates in Europe)
- land reclamation project, building dykes to create farmland