Module 14- Sleep and dream

Consciousness

The awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment.

Awake

different levels of awareness

Altered states of consciousness

change in one's normal mental state as a result of trauma or accident or induced through meditation, drugs, some foods, etc

sleep, dreaming, drugs

Circadian rhytms

1. fluctuations in alertness, energy, and mood over the course of the day

2. these shifts are related to underlying bodily processess

   daily cycles occur in

   -hormone production

   -body temperature

   -blood pressure

3. changes as age

4. we seem to function better (both cognitively/physically) in our peak time

5. our circadian cycles run a little bit long *25 hours)

Beta waves

awake

Drowsy

alpha waves

Step 1 Sleep

5 minutes

Alpha/theta waves

-hallucinations, jerking, easy to awaken, reasonably coherent

Step 2 Sleep

20 mins

-theta waves-sleep spindles

-still somewhat easy to wake up

Step 3 Sleep

30 mins

-delta waves-longer slower peaks

very hard to wake you up but whispering your name will wake you up

REM Sleep

30-45 mins

-when dreams occur

-PARADOXICAL SLEEP strong brain activity but paralyzed to keep us from acting out our dreams

Unconscious wish fulfillment theory

Sigmund Freud’s theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled.

Dreams-for-survival theory

The theory suggesting that dreams permit information critical for daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep.

Activation-synthesis theory

Hobson’s theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain.

Circadian rhythms

Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle.

evidence in jet lag

Daydreams

Fantasies that people construct while awake.

Awake

State of being alert, with varying levels of awareness.

REM Sleep Characteristics

Quick eye movements, increased heart rate, paralyzed major muscles, and dreaming typically occur.

Four reasons why sleep is required for life

Sleep conserves energy, restores the body, helps with forgetting, and promotes physical growth and development.

Inequities in Sleep Duration

Difficulty many individuals face in obtaining sufficient sleep due to work and family responsibilities, housing issues, and other factors.

Freud's Manifest Content

The narrative of a dream that is remembered and reported, which disguises its latent content.

Neuroscience perspective on dreams

Focuses on the random activation of brain areas during REM sleep, leading to dream scenario construction.

Activation Information Modulation Theory (AIM)

Refinement of activation-synthesis theory, suggesting that dreams begin in the brain's pons, sending random signals to the cortex.

Sleep provides some essential biological function

1. make up lost sleep

2. sleep deprivation effects: mood irritability, mental work suffers, immune system

3. sleep debt

Problems with this theory

1. the amount of sleep needed varies

2. motivation can overcome cognitive deficits

3. too much sleep increases mortality rates

Sleep disorders

1. Klein-Levin

   1. days of nearly uninterrupted sleep in adolescent males

2. restless leg syndrome

   1. tension in muscles, jittery, inability to relax during bedtime

   2. sometimes wake themselves up

   3. sometimes kick their partner

3. night terrors (young kids)

   1. suddenly awake in non-rem sleep

   2. extreme fear and panic, sometimes screaming and shrieks

   3. no recollection of event

4. narcolepsy

   1. fall asleep at any time

   2. often triggered by intense emotional experience

5. Apnea

   1. person stops breathing during sleep

   2. wakes up gasping, falls right back asleep

6. insomnia

many causes of sleep disorders

1. psychological

   1. anxiety, depression, stress, stimulus overload

   2. drugs

      1. caffeine, alchohol, nicotine, decongestants

   3. health problems

      1. anything that interferes with breathing

Latent content

the significance of the drema

manifest content

what’s going on in the dream

Consolidation of new information

“DREAMS FOR SURVIVAL”

two stages of learning/memory

two stages of leaning/memory-

1. experience event

2. consolidate in hippocampus

Depressants

slow down brain functions, neural activity and bodily functions

examples: alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers

EFFECTS:

3. shuts down sympathetic NS

4. interferes with memory consolidation

5. suppresses self-awareness

6. promiscuity

narcotics, opiodis

reduces anxiety and pain

ex. morphine, heroine, hydrocodone, fentanyl, oxycontin

1. anxiety reducation

2. pain reduction

3. can’t concentrate

4. slowed speech, physical activity

WHEN THE DURG WEARS OFF, LEADS TO EXTREME ANXIETY AND DESIRE FOR MORE

stimulants

energize the body, excite neural activity, arouse bodily function

examples: caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine

effects

1. turns on sympathetic nervous system

2. shuts of digestion-less hunfry

3. increases aggressive behaviors and thoughts

4. highly addictive

hallucinogens

distort perceptions and evoke vivide images

examples: LSD, THC

effects

1. distort perceptions and evoke vivid images

   1. sensitivy to color, sounds, tastes, smells

2. curb nausea, increases appetite, reduce chronic pain

3. relaxation, disinhibition, and euphoria

4. severe effects on motor control

5. fertility issues with men

Factos that influence drug use

1. peers

2. biology

   1. parents and identical twin studies

3. culture

4. personality/mood

   1. lack of hope

   2. lack of direction

   3. low self-esteem

5. type of drug

   1. addictiveness is correlated